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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A flavoprotein catalyzing the reduction of cytochrome c by NADPH was solubilized and purified from microsomes of yeast grown anaerobically. The cytochrome c reductase had an apparent molecular weight of 70,000 daltons and contained one mole each of FAD and FMN per mole of enzyme. The reductase could reduce some redox dyes as well as cytochrome c, but could not catalyze the reduction of cytochrome b5. The reductase preparation also catalyzed the oxidation of NADPH with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalytic amount of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione). The Michaelis constants of the reductase for NADPH and cytochrome c were determined to be 32.4 and 3.4 micron M, respectively, and the optimal pH for cytochrome c reduction was 7.8 to 8.0. It was concluded that yeast NADPH-cytochrome c reductase is in many respects similar to the liver microsomal reductase which acts as an NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase [EC 1.6.2.4].
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PMID:Studies on the microsomal electron-transport system of anaerobically grown yeast. V. Purification and characterization of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. 1 31

When yellow skin and yellow hair developed in an elderly patient with multiple myeloma, we ruled out the usual causes of such pigmentation but identified a monoclonal IgGlambda (lgGGar) with anti-flavin antibody activity. Purified IgGGar was bright yellow, and the acid-dissociated chromophore was identified as riboflavin by chromatography and absorption spectroscopy. Native IgGGar contained 1.45 moles of flavin per mole of IgG, and increased to 2 moles with addition of riboflavin to saturation. The flavin was localized to the Fab fragment and was bound to IgGGar with high affinity. IgGGar showed strongest affinities for riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and lower affinities for dinitrophenyl derivatives and naphthoquinone. The demonstration of hapten bound to the circulating monoclonal immunoglobulin in this case suggests the possibility of bound but colorless haptens on other myeloma proteins as well as on normal immunoglobulins.
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PMID:Myeloma with xanthoderma due to an IgG lambdamonoclonal anti-flavin antibody. 124 31

NADH peroxidase is a flavoenzyme having a single redox-active thiol, Cys42, that cycles between sulfenate and thiol forms in the NADH-dependent reduction of hydrogen peroxide. NADH peroxidase catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of quinones with turnover numbers between 1.2 and 3.9 s-1, per mole of FAD, at pH 7.5. The bimolecular rate constants for quinone reduction, V/K, ranged from 4.3 x 10(3) to 6.0 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for 14 quinones whose redox potentials varied between -0.41 and 0.09 V. The logarithms of the V/K values for these quinones are hyperbolically dependent on their single-electron reduction potentials (E7(1). One-electron reduction of benzoquinone accounts for about 50% of the total electron transfer catalyzed by NADH peroxidase at pH 7, with the remainder of the reduction being catalyzed by a two-electron (hydride) transfer. Cys42 can be irreversibly oxidized to the sulfonate by hydrogen peroxide, with inactivation of the peroxidatic activity of the enzyme. The residual quinone reductase activity of NADH peroxidase which has undergone oxidative inactivation of the active site Cys42 indicates that this residue is not involved in the reduction of the quinones. Product inhibition studies suggest the possibility of overlap of the pyridine nucleotide and quinone binding sites in the reduced enzyme at low pH values. The pH dependence of the maximum velocity of naphthoquinone reduction shows that deprotonation of an enzymic group, exhibiting a pK value of ca. 6.2, decreases the maximal velocity. Primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects on V and V/K for quinone-dependent NADH oxidation increase upon protonation of a group, exhibiting a pK value of 6.4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Quinone reductase reaction catalyzed by Streptococcus faecalis NADH peroxidase. 775 94

A model is formulated to describe dissolution of naphthalene from an insoluble nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and its subsequent biodegradation in the aqueous phase in completely mixed batch reactors. The physicochemical processes of equilibrium partitioning and mass transfer of naphthalene between the NAPL and aqueous phases were incorporated into the model. Biodegradation kinetics were described by Monod's microbial growth kinetic model, modified to account for the inhibitory effects of 1,2-naphthoquinone formed during naphthalene degradation under certain conditions. System parameters and biokinetic coefficients pertinent to the NAPL-water systems were determined either by direct measurement or from nonlinear regression of the naphthalene mineralization profiles obtained from batch reactor tests with two-component NAPLs comprised of naphthalene and heptamethylnonane. The NAPLs contained substantial mass of naphthalene, and naphthalene biodegradation kinetics were evaluated over the time required for near complete depletion of naphthalene from the NAPL. Model predictions of naphthalene mineralization time profiles compared favorably to the general trends observed in the data obtained from laboratory experiments with the two-component NAPL, as well as with two coal tars obtained from the subsurface at contaminated sites and composed of many different PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds). The effects of varying the NAPL mass and the naphthalene mole fractions in the NAPL are discussed. It was observed that the time to achieve a given percent removal of naphthalene does not change significantly with the initial mass of naphthalene in a fixed volume of the NAPL. Significant changes in the mineralization profiles are observed when the volume (and mass) of NAPL in the system is changed.
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PMID:Biodegradation kinetics of naphthalene in nonaqueous phase liquid-water mixed batch systems: comparison of model predictions and experimental results. 1009 12

The abiotic transformation of catechol and 1-naphthol singly and in mixtures was tested in sterile Tris-HCl buffer with regard to several environmental factors including temperature (7 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C), lighting conditions, pH (between 7.0 and 8.5) and dissolved oxygen (at partial pressures of 0.0, 220, 2200, 11000 and 22000 Pa). Irrespective of lighting conditions. catechol autoxidation was confirmed in aerated medium with a rate independent of the presence of 1-naphthol but proportional to the dissolved oxygen concentration, to the pH (its half-disappearance occurred in 24h at pH 8.5) and, to a lesser extent, to the incubating temperature (at 20 degrees C, 20% disappeared in 10 days at pH 7.0). Under alkaline conditions, the reaction of the anionic form (catecholate) with an equimolar concentration of molecular oxygen (O2) led presumably to hydrogen peroxide anion (HO2-) and coloured polymerization products. When tested alone, 1-naphthol was not significantly influenced either by lighting conditions, incubating temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration. It was also found to be quite stable with respect to pH, with a 15-fold weaker transformation rate than for catechol at the highest pH used. When tested in a mixture with catechol, 1-naphthol was found to be involved in a new chemical oxidation reaction catalyzed by catecholate. The transformation of one mole of 1-naphthol consumes four moles of oxygen. In the presence of catechol, the stoichiometry of the 1-naphthol transformation, under the influence of oxygen, suggests the possible formation of 2,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy 1,4-naphthoquinone via Lawsone (2-hydroxy 1,4-naphthoquinone) and naphthopurpurine (2,5,8-trihydroxy 1,4-naphthoquinone) as hypothetic intermediates. This is the first report of the autoxidation of 1-naphthol, catalyzed by catechol, in aqueous solution, in the absence of UV irradiation.
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PMID:Abiotic transformation of catechol and 1-naphthol in aqueous solution-influence of environmental factors. 1156 36

Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a naphthoquinone isolated from the roots of Plumbaginaceae plants, has potential antiproliferative activity against several tumor types. We have examined the effects of plumbagin on cellular microtubules ex vivo as well as its binding with purified tubulin and microtubules in vitro. Cell viability experiments using human non-small lung epithelium carcinoma cells (A549) indicated that the IC 50 value for plumbagin is 14.6 microM. Immunofluorescence studies using an antitubulin FITC conjugated antibody showed a significant perturbation of the interphase microtubule network in a dose dependent manner. In vitro polymerization of purified tubulin into microtubules is inhibited by plumbagin with an IC 50 value of 38 +/- 0.5 microM. Its binding to tubulin quenches protein tryptophan fluorescence in a time and concentration dependent manner. Binding of plumbagin to tubulin is slow, taking 60 min for equilibration at 25 degrees C. The association reaction kinetics is biphasic in nature, and the association rate constants for fast and slow phases are 235.12 +/- 36 M (-1) s (-1) and 11.63 +/- 11 M (-1) s (-1) at 25 degrees C respectively. The stoichiometry of plumbagin binding to tubulin is 1:1 (mole:mole) with a dissociation constant of 0.936 +/- 0.71 microM at 25 degrees C. Plumbagin competes for the colchicine binding site with a K i of 7.5 microM as determined from a modified Dixon plot. Based on these data we conclude that plumbagin recognizes the colchicine binding site to tubulin. Further study is necessary to locate the pharmacophoric point of attachment of the inhibitor to the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
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PMID:The natural naphthoquinone plumbagin exhibits antiproliferative activity and disrupts the microtubule network through tubulin binding. 1859 79

A selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of cobalt after extraction of its 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 4-oxime (HMNQM) complex into molten naphthalene. The optimum pH range for the extraction is 5.0-7.5. The solidified naphthalene, containing the cobalt-HMNQM complex, is separated by filtration and dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide. The absorbance is measured at 430 nm against a reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed up to 1.90 ppm cobalt. The molar absorptivity is 2.09 x 10(4) l.mole(-1).cm(-1).
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PMID:Spectrophotometric determination of cobalt in a vitamin, alloys and an ore by extraction of its 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 4-oxime complex into molten naphthalene. 1896 90

The spectrophotometric determination of beryllium and aluminium with 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a non-ionic surfactant is reported. Absorption maxima, molar absorptivity and Sandell's Sensitivity of 1:2 (M:L) beryllium and aluminium complexes are, 585 nm and 598 nm, 1.63 x 10(4) l.mole(-1).cm(-1) and 2.04 x 10(4) l.mole(-1).cm(-1), and 0.55 ng/cm(2) and 1.32 ng/cm(2) respectively. Beer's law is obeyed between 7.20-3.96 x 10(2) ng/ml beryllium and 1.08 x 10(1)-1.08 x 10(3) ng/ml aluminium. A method for simultaneous determination of beryllium and aluminium in their mixture using derivative spectra is described. The range 3.6 x 10(1)-3.6 x 10(2) ng/ml beryllium could be determined in the presence of 1.08 x 10(2)-1.08 x 10(3) ng/ml aluminium, and vice versa.
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PMID:Simultaneous determination of beryllium and aluminium in mixtures using derivative spectrophotometry. 1896 46

Naphthazarin (5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; Naph) is proposed as a chromogenic reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of copper(II). The polynuclear complex has a mole ratio of Cu:Naph=4:6 in a 50% v/v ethanol/water medium containing 0.1 M ammonium acetate and 1.5% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate. The copper-naphthazarin complex shows an absorption maximum at 330 nm with a molar absorptivity of 1.84x10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1). Beer's law is obeyed up to 4.5 ppm of copper(II). The method was applied for copper determination in alloy samples with satisfactory results.
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PMID:Spectrophotometric determination of copper in alloys using naphthazarin. 1896 45