Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The multifunctional protein CAD catalyzes the first three steps in pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian cells, including the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate from bicarbonate, MgATP and glutamine. The Syrian hamster CAD glutaminase (GLNase) domain, a trpG-type amidotransferase, catalyzes glutamine hydrolysis in the absence of MgATP and bicarbonate (Km = 95 microM and kcat = 0.14 s-1). Unlike E. coli carbamyl phosphate synthetase (Wellner, V.P., Anderson, P.M., and Meister, A. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 2061-2066), a stable thioester intermediate did not accumulate when the mammalian enzyme was incubated with glutamine. However, a covalent adduct could be isolated when the protein was denatured in acid. The steady state concentration of the intermediate increased with increasing glutamine concentration to nearly one mole per mole of enzyme with half saturation at 105 microM, close to the Km value for glutamine. The adduct formed at the active site of the glutaminase domain. The rate of breakdown of the intermediate (k4), determined directly, was 0.17 s-1 and the rate of formation (k3) was estimated as 0.52 s-1. In the absence of MgATP and bicarbonate, k4 = kcat indicating that the decomposition of the intermediate is the rate-limiting step. The intermediate was chemically and kinetically competent, and the glutamine dissociation constant (330 microM) and rate constants were consistent with steady state kinetics and accurately predicted the steady state concentration of the intermediate. These studies suggest a mechanism similar to the cysteine proteases such as recently proposed by Mei and Zalkin (Mei, B., and Zalkin, H. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 16613-16619) who identified a catalytic triad in glutamine phosphoribosyl-5'-pyrophosphate amidotransferase, a purF-type enzyme. MgATP and bicarbonate increased kcat of the glutaminase reaction 14-fold by accelerating both the rate of formation and the rate of breakdown of the intermediate, and prevented the accumulation of the intermediate; however, the Km value for glutamine was not significantly altered. The instability of the thioester intermediate leads to appreciable hydrolysis of glutamine in the absence of the other substrates. However, bicarbonate alone spares glutamine by increasing the Km and Ks of glutamine to 600 and 8960 microM, respectively, thus reducing kcat/Km 3-fold when MgATP is limiting. In the absence of MgATP and bicarbonate, ammonia decreased the rate of hydrolysis and the accumulation of the thioester intermediate indicating that ammonia had direct access to the thioester at the GLNase domain active site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The catalytic mechanism of the amidotransferase domain of the Syrian hamster multifunctional protein CAD. Evidence for a CAD-glutamyl covalent intermediate in the formation of carbamyl phosphate. 167 73

To increase the bond durability of resin to the CAD/CAM ceramic surface, two types of two-bottle type ceramic primers, consisting of Primer A1 or A2 and Primer B, were designed. Primer A1 was prepared by dissolving 25, 50, or 100 mg of gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in 1 mL of ethanol. Primer A2 was prepared by dissolving 50 mg of mixed silanes, consisting of 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane to gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, in 1 mL of ethanol. Mole fractions of 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane to gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mol%. Primer B was prepared after dissolving 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid in ethanol by 50 vol%. Ceramic surface was silanated with a mixture of Primers A1 and B or Primers A2 and B for 1 min, and then air-dried. Commercial GC ceramic primer and Porcelain Liner M were utilized. Thereafter, dual-curing type resin cement was bonded to silanated ceramic surface through visible-light irradiation. Shear bond strength of resin to the ceramic surface was measured, before and after thermo-cycling. Addition of 0.01 or 0.05 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid to the gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane allowed for significant increases in the bond strength. However, thermo-cycling resulted in significant decreases of approximately 5 MPa in the bond strength. Conversely, when the mixed silane, where 30 mol% of 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane dissolved in gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, was utilized with 0.05 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid, the reduction in the bond strength decreased to approximately 2 MPa. The designed ceramic primers exhibited higher ceramic bond durability than commercial ceramic primers.
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PMID:Development of a ceramic primer with higher bond durability for resin cement. 2013 99