Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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In this work, we present several examples of the synthesis and characterization of bimetallic nanoparticle alloys using the Laser Vaporization Controlled Condensation (LVCC) method. In the first example, the vapor phase synthesis of Au-Ag, Au-Pd, and Au-Pt nanoparticle alloys are presented. The formation of nanoalloys is concluded from the observation of one plasmon absorption band at a wavelength that varies linearly with the gold mole fraction in the nanoalloy. Both XRD data and HRTEM-EDX data confirm the formation of nanoparticle alloys and not simply mixtures of the two metal nanoparticles. Irradiation of a mixture of Au/Ag nanoparticles dispersed in water with the 532 nm unfocused laser results in efficient alloying while the 1064 nm laser radiation results only in evaporation and size reduction of the unalloyed nanoparticles. Selective absorption of the femtosecond 780 nm radiation by large Au aggregates results in the formation of smaller aggregates with fractal structures, and no evidence for the Au-Ag alloy formation. The synthesis of palladium and platinum nanoparticles alloyed with transition metals such as iron and nickel using the LVCC method is also presented. The alloyed nanoparticles (FePd, FePt, NiPd, NiPt, and FeNi) are found to be superparamagnetic.
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PMID:Laser synthesis of bimetallic nanoalloys in the vapor and liquid phases and the magnetic properties of PdM and PtM nanoparticles (M = Fe, Co and Ni). 1844 15

Chromobacterium viscosum (CV) lipase was immobilized in gelatin-containing Aerosol-OT (AOT) microemulsion-based organogels (MBGs). The behavior of this novel, predominantly hydrophobic matrix as an esterification catalyst has been examined. The biocatalyst was most effective when the MBG was granulated to yield gel particles of approximately 500 mum diameter, providing a total surface area of ca. 10(6) mm(2) per 10 cm(3) of gel. The gel was generally contacted with a solution of the substrate(s) in a hydrocarbon oil. Under most conditions reaction was not diffusion limited. Apparent lipase activity was influenced by certain compositional changes in the MBG, but most significantly when the R value, the mole ratio of water to surfactant, was altered. Higher activities were observed at lower R values. Although gels of lowest R value expressed the highest condensation activity, such formulations were physically unsuitable as immobilization matrices due to their proximity to the gel-solution phase boundary. MBGs of intermediate R values (between 60 and 80) were considered most suitable because they offer relatively high condensation activity and good physical stability. The gelatin concentration also exerted a small but measurable influence on the observed condensation rates. Apparent lipase activity was also influenced to some extent by the nature of the parent hydrocarbon used to prepare the MBG. Higher activities were obtained using formulations derived from isooctane and cyclohexane rather than the n-alkanes. Condensation activities expressed by CV lipase in the MBGs were broadly comparable to those expressed in the analogous parent water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions. The MBGs functioned effectively in neat substrate solutions, but the condensation activity expressed by the MBGs in a series of successive batch syntheses was adversely affected by the formation and retention of the water coproduct. Selective removal of the water was achieved using a concentrated solution of dry reverse micelles, which resulted in recovery of lost activity. Pretreatment of lipase-containing MBGs resulted in the formation of MBGs with enhanced catalytic properties and modified composing the conventional procedure. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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PMID:Biocatalysis using gelatin microemulsion-based organogels containing immobilized Chromobacterium viscosum lipase. 1863 56

Condensation of Cbz-Asp and PheOMe catalyzed by a neutral protease from Vibrio sp. T1800 (Vimelysin: VLN) was studied. VLN showed a relatively higher catalytic activity of condensation and an apparently larger yield after 3 h or 24 h, in comparison with thermolysin (TLN), especially at lower pH and temperatures.VLN showed higher solvent-tolerance than TLN. TLhe apparent highest yield (25%) was obtained in 30% DMSO by using VLN; under similar conditions, TLN gave only about a half of this value. The rate of the condensation reaction per mole of enzyme (v/[E](o)) in DMSO 50% at 37 degrees C and pH 6.5 was 0.16 s(-1) for VLN and 0.047 s(-1) for TLN. In 30% ethanol VLN showed more than three-fold peptide yield than TLN after 5 h reaction. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 387-390, 1997.
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PMID:Peptide condensation activity of a neutral protease from Vibrio sp. T1800 (Vimelysin). 1863 27

Porous poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) scaffolds were prepared using a salt leaching technique and subsequently surface modified by a low oxygen plasma treatment prior to the use in the in vitro culture of human chondrocytes. Condensation polymerization of glycerol and sebacic acid used at various mole ratios, i.e. 1:1, 1:1.25, and 1:1.5, was initially conducted to prepare PGS prepolymers. Porous elastomeric PGS scaffolds were directly fabricated from the mixtures of each prepolymer and 90% (w/w) NaCl particles and then subjected to the plasma treatment to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of the materials. The properties of both untreated and plasma-treated PGS scaffolds were comparatively evaluated, in terms of surface morphology, surface chemical composition, porosity, and storage modulus using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, micro-computed tomography, and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. The responses of chondrocytes cultured on individual PGS scaffolds were assessed, in terms of cell proliferation and ECM production. The results revealed that average pore sizes and porosity of the scaffolds were increased with an increasing sebacic acid concentration used. The storage moduli of the scaffolds were raised after the plasma treatment, possibly due to the further crosslinking of PGS upon treatment. Moreover, the scaffold prepared with a higher sebacic acid content demonstrated a greater capability of promoting cell infiltration, proliferation, and ECM production, especially when it was plasma-treated; the greatest HA, sGAG, uronic acid, and collagen contents were detected in matrix of this scaffold. The H & E and safranin O staining results also strongly supported this finding. The storage modulus of the scaffold was intensified after incubation with the chondrocytes for 21 days, indicating the accretion and retention of matrix ECM on the cell-cultured scaffold.
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PMID:In vitro human chondrocyte culture on plasma-treated poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds. 2638 14