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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes impairment to the human immune system which leads to immunocompromised conditions, including ocular complications. Several important HIV-associated disorders may involve the anterior segment, ocular surface, and adnexae organ such as dry eye, blepharitis which reduce quality of life of patients. In present, potent antiretroviral therapies HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) has improved the length and quality of life which may lead to an increased prevalence of anterior segment ocular disorders. Hence, this study has been undertaken to identify the prevalence and associated factors of anterior segment and external ocular disorder in HIV infected patients in the era of HAART. A prospective descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in HIV positive patients conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University Hospital, from February 2014 to October 2015. Detail history and ocular examination was carried out to examine for anterior segment and external ocular disorders. A total number of 363 patients were included for this prospective cross-sectional study. From the total of 363 patients, 123 patients had an anterior segment and external ocular disorder which account as the prevalence of 33.9%. The most common anterior segment manifestations was dry eye seen in 36 patients (9.9%), followed by posterior blepharitis (Meibomian gland dysfunction) seen in 23 patients (6.3%) and anterior blepharitis seen in 12 patients (3.3%). Other ocular complications included microvasculopathy, immune recovery uveitis, conjunctivitis, papilloma, anterior uveitis, corneal ulcer, nevus, trichiasis, molluscum contangiosum, Kaposi sarcoma, interstitial keratitis, conjunctival lymphangiectasia, dacryocystitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and eyelid penicilosis. In this study, the prevalance of anterior segment disorders was higher than in the preHAART era. Dry eye, blepharitis and uveitis were the top three most common anterior segment disorders in the HAART era. The statistical analysis showed no association between age, sex, CD4 count, duration of infection or receiving HAART and anterior segment disorders. Anterior segment abnormalities reduce the quality of life of patients, so ophthalmologists have to be aware and complete ocular examination should be performed in all HIV infected patients.
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PMID:Anterior segment and external ocular disorders associated with HIV infections in the era of HAART in Chiang Mai University Hospital, a prospective descriptive cross sectional study. 2946 24

Background: Vision screening in infants is an important part of the medical care of children as some eye abnormalities, if not treated in the first few months or years of life, can lead to irreversible vision loss. Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to identify ocular anomalies among infants attending immunization clinics in Nigeria and refer promptly and appropriately. Methodology: Infants were screened across 6 immunization clinics. Screening activities included relevant ocular history, vision assessment, external ocular examination, ocular motility, Hirschberg's test, pupil examination, and the red reflex test. Infants with abnormal findings were referred for comprehensive eye examination. Result: Of the 142 infants who underwent vision screening, 29 were referred. These referrals were either as a result of ocular abnormalities (n = 22) or presence of risk factors from history (n = 7). The prevalence of ocular abnormalities was 15.5% and neonatal conjunctivitis (38%), was the commonest ocular abnormality found. Others were bacterial conjunctivitis (14%), nasolacrimal duct obstruction (14%), strabismus (14%), capillary hemangiomas (10%), iris nevi (5%), and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (5%). Of the 7 infants referred based on history alone, 6 (85.7%) had a history of prematurity. Conclusion: Conjunctivitis, strabismus, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and capillary hemangioma are some of the prevalent disorders seen in infants at immunization clinics in Nigeria. Babies at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (preterm birth and oxygen therapy) can be identified. Immunization clinics can serve as good points of vision screening for infants in developing countries to facilitate prompt referral and treatment.
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PMID:Vision Screening in Infants Attending Immunization Clinics in a Developing Country. 3210 Jun 27