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Query: UMLS:C0027947 (neutropenia)
 17,527 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hickman catheters were the major venous access devices utilized at the University of Maryland Cancer Center from November 1978 to 1987. This study provided an opportunity to standardize insertion technique, to manage catheter-related activities and daily maintenance procedures in order to examine the progression of Hickman-catheter-related problems, to identify those factors that may minimize them, and to develop guidelines for the management and prevention of complications and malfunctions. In all, 690 Hickman catheters (368 double lumens) were placed in patients with acute leukemia and other cancers: 401 catheters were placed in patients with leukemia; 269 were placed during neutropenia; and 230 at platelet counts of < 50,000/microliters. Two surgeons inserted 490 catheters, and the remaining 200 were placed by a group of rotating surgeons. All catheters were placed with the intention that they would remain in place as long as clinically necessary. Total Hickman catheter days were 134273. Infectious complications included exit site infections (160), tunnel infections (46) and bacteremias (397). There were 438 instances of noninfectious complications including thrombosis, lack of function, catheter migration, fracture and hemorrhage. Recommendations for prevention and treatment of Hickman-catheter-related complications include the development of a select group committed to placement, daily maintenance and management of problems; prompt removal of catheters with Candida sp. fungemia and bacteremia due to Bacillus sp. or a bacteremia that persists for > 48 h after initiation of appropriate antibiotics, tunnel infections or Hickman-catheter-associated thrombosis. The majority of bacteremias and exit site infections can be effectively treated with antibiotics and local care.
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PMID:Hickman catheters in association with intensive cancer chemotherapy. 814 7

This is a retrospective study comparing the methods of preventing fungal infection in a total of 420 episodes of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia of more than 10 days' duration between 1986 and 1992 in 104 patients with acute leukemia and 62 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation. The episodes were divided into five groups according to the prophylactic regimens (group 1, oral amphotericin B (OA) only; 2, OA and nebulization of amphotericin B (NA); 3, OA and NA with a laminar air flow system (LAF); 4, oral fluconazole (OF) and NA; 5, OF, NA, and LAF. The total numbers of neutropenic episodes were 115, 141, 95, 37, and 32, respectively. A total of 15 episode of invasive fungal infections were documented. Aspergillosis was seen on two occasions each in groups 1 and 2, while none was seen in the patients who were under the LAF system. Nebulization of amphotericin B did not have a significant preventive effect in this study and it needs to be evaluated further by a randomized study.
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PMID:Prevention of invasive fungal infection during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with acute leukemia. 817 75

In order to evaluate whether the prophylactic use of fluoroquinolones diminishes the incidence of infections and/or mortality during neutropenia, we undertook a prospective, aleatory and controlled study in non-hospitalized adult patients with acute leukemia and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia including twenty five episodes of neutropenia including twenty five episodes of neutropenia which had occurred in 14 patients who were randomly selected either to receive or not quinolones (norfloxacin 800 mg daily or ciprofloxacin 1000 mg daily). Both groups were similar in terms of sex, age, underlying disease, chemotherapy for hematologic malignancy, duration and severity of neutropenia. The use of quinolones was associated with a delay in the fever onset during neutropenia (p = 0.0448), a decrease in the proportion of neutropenic febrile days (p = 0.0456), a decrease of infections caused by gram-negative bacilli (p = 0.037) and an increase of Streptococcus infections (p = 0.0857). There was no significant decrease in mortality, incidence of severe infections, proportion of neutropenic episodes without fever, empiric use of amphotericin B or fungal infections between both groups. The results of this study demonstrate that the prophylactic use of fluoroquinolones does not diminish the infectious morbidity and/or mortality in these patients.
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PMID:[Prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones in patients with neutropenia]. 820 28

Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with profound neutropenia may be useful for preventing gram-negative bacterial infection, but it is ineffective against gram-positive bacterial infections in the bloodstream, particularly those caused by streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, which appear to have emerged as significant causes of morbidity, decreased treatment efficacy, and the increased costs of empiric antimicrobial therapy. In a prospective, randomized, open trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral roxithromycin (150 mg twice daily) as additional antibacterial prophylaxis in 131 adult patients with acute leukemia and bone marrow transplant recipients receiving oral ofloxacin. In comparison with patients given ofloxacin alone, fewer patients receiving ofloxacin plus roxithromycin developed bacteremia caused by viridans group streptococci (incidence, 9 versus 0%; P = 0.03), while the incidence of bacteremia caused by other organisms, the incidence of febrile episodes from any cause, the risk of infection-associated complications (including prolonged or secondary fever, pneumonia, septic shock, need for mechanical ventilation, and/or infection-related death), and antimicrobial usage for therapy were comparable between both groups. Adverse events possibly related to the study drugs were slightly more common among the patients receiving the combination treatment (P = 0.05). Although effective for the prevention of streptococcal bacteremia, the addition of roxithromycin to a fluoroquinolone should not be used routinely as a prophylactic regimen in patients with profound neutropenia, but it might be considered and may be useful for cancer patients with a particularly high risk of streptococcal infection and related complications.
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PMID:A randomized trial of roxithromycin in patients with acute leukemia and bone marrow transplant recipients receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis. 820 38

Fanconi anemia is a congenital syndrome characterized by multiple specific physical anomalies, progressive marrow failure, and a predisposition to acute leukemia. We studied the toxicity and efficacy of daily subcutaneous administration of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with Fanconi anemia and pancytopenia. The toxicity of GM-CSF at the doses and schedule used was minimal. Six of seven patients entered had an increase in the neutrophil count of 7- to 25-fold, which was maintained during the course of study. Despite increases in the reticulocyte count, increases in hemoglobin concentration were rare. No improvement in platelet count was evident in any patient. No patient has evidence of leukemia after up to 19 months of continuous GM-CSF exposure, and all five surviving patients remain responsive to treatment. Although the optimal dose, schedule, and choice of cytokine for patients with marrow failure and Fanconi anemia are not established by this preliminary study, the data indicate that (1) GM-CSF may be able to palliate at least the neutropenia and potentially the neutropenic complications of the disease, (2) this effect can be sustained for more than 1 year, and (3) rapid evolution of acute leukemia is unlikely to be a frequent outcome of such treatment. The clinical impact of GM-CSF or other cytokines in patients with Fanconi anemia and pancytopenia remains to be established by further studies.
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PMID:Evaluation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of pancytopenia in children with fanconi anemia. 828 65

High dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) has been used in induction treatment and in leukopenia of acute leukemia. We report the case of a 14-year-old girl with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) who developed a pseudorelapse after receiving an oral HDMP trial (30 mg/kg/day PO in the morning for 15 days) to overcome neutropenia. She presented with severe bone pain at the end of treatment. Bone marrow examination revealed 53% young promyelocytes (some with a large nucleolus), 2% myeloblast, 5% monocyte, and increased cellularity. Bone pain and promyelocytes regressed spontaneously while maintenance treatment continues. We advise that a pseudorelapse must be borne in mind after HDMP and probably GM-CSF treatments in acute leukaemias.
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PMID:Pseudorelapse in acute myelomonocytic leukemia after high dose methylprednisolone. 770 84

Ochrobactrum anthropi, formerly "Achromobacter" CDC group Vd, is a nonfermentative, nonfastidious gram-negative bacillus, that only recently has been given attention as a potential human pathogen. Over a 2-year period, we observed four patients with multiple blood cultures that were positive for the organism. The patients had acute leukemia as underlying disease, and presented with clinical and microbiologic features consistent with catheter-related bacteremia. In three of the patients the infection initially appeared to be unrelated to chemotherapy-associated profound neutropenia and occurred early after, or was the reason for, hospital admission. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates varied: unlike previously reported cases, resistance in some of our isolates included aminoglycosides, newer fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Despite in vitro susceptibility to imipenem in initial isolates, treatment of two patients with this agent obviously failed to eradicate the organism, and the patients either relapsed with bacteremia shortly after discontinuation of treatment or remained persistently febrile and bacteremic. O. anthropi appears to be increasingly recognized as a human opportunist pathogen associated with intravascular catheters and unpredictable multiple antibiotic resistance.
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PMID:Ochrobactrum anthropi bacteremia: report of four cases and short review. 800 92

A favorable prognosis and a low rate of leukemic transformation has been attributed to the 5q- syndrome, a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) characterized by macrocytic anemia, hypolobulated micromegakaryocytic hyperplasia, and an interstitial deletion of chromosome 5. We examined the characteristics and outcome of 43 consecutive patients in our institution strictly defined by morphologic criteria and a solitary 5q- cytogenetic defect. The median age at diagnosis was 68 years, with a clear female predominance (7:3). Eighty percent of the patients were red blood cell transfusion-dependent at diagnosis and all untransfused patients had macrocytic indexes. In contrast, significant neutropenia or thrombocytopenia was rare. The French-American-British (FAB) class distributions were RA (72%), RARS (7%), RAEB (16%), and RAEB-IT (5%). At a median follow-up of 31 months, 56% of the patients survive, with a projected median survival of 63 months. The incidence of acute leukemia was 16% and was uniformly fatal. Clinical hemosiderosis occurred in 28% of the patients, resulting in two deaths. Neither survival nor the risk of leukemic transformation was predictable from initial clinical parameters, including FAB classification, Bournemouth score, and degree of aneuploidy. The lack of significant neutropenia and thrombocytopenia seemed to account for a very low incidence of infection and bleeding resulting in a prognosis equal or superior to historical patients with MDS. Therapeutic endeavors, including the use of corticosteroids, androgens, cis-retinoic acid, pyridoxine, and danazol, were largely unsuccessful.
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PMID:The 5q- syndrome: a single-institution study of 43 consecutive patients. 842 85

Substantial improvements have occurred in the infectious diseases management of patients with acute leukemia. It is now unusual for patients receiving initial induction chemotherapy at a major center to die of infectious complications without receiving an adequate course of antineoplastic treatment. Many patients also receive reinduction chemotherapy with prolonged periods of neutropenia without succumbing to major infectious complications. However, the area of management of infections in patients with acute leukemia has remained a dynamic process, with infection management issues that remain complex and controversial.
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PMID:Management of infection in patients with acute leukemia. 844 63

Assessment of peripheral blood counts and blood film analysis are frequently performed as diagnostic procedures in emergency medicine. Far fewer situations exist, however, in which these analyses are the main clue in establishing an emergency diagnosis. Artifacts can lead to wrong diagnosis, e.g. pseudo-thrombocytopenia, which is defined as a low platelet count resulting from a laboratory artifact. Severe neutropenia (agranulocytosis) and extreme hyperleukocytosis, as well as suspicion of acute leukemia, require a rapid diagnostic work-up. A newly detected anemia should not necessarily be treated by packed red cell transfusions. The decision whether an anemic patient ought to receive transfusions should be based on the speed with which the anemia has developed, as well as on clinical judgement. As a rule a chronic anemia patient with hemoglobin above 70 g/l does not need transfusions. An uncritical transfusion policy can even cause emergencies, e.g. in patients with megaloblastic anemia or in anemic multiple myeloma patients with a hyperviscosity syndrome. An elevated hematocrit requires prompt further investigations. This is of utmost importance if one considers the diagnosis of polycythemia vera rubra, a disease in which patients are particularly prone to thrombotic complications. Fragmented red cells (schistocytes) on peripheral blood smears constitute a cardinal diagnostic clue for the detection of microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHA), in particular for the diagnosis of the life-threatening thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Malaria is another example for a chief role of blood smears examination in achieving a rapid diagnosis. If one encounters an unexpected severe thrombocytopenia, a marrow examination reveals whether it is due to rapid peripheral destruction, or due to a marrow failure. Furthermore, in any patients with an unanticipated thrombocytopenia, a disseminated intravascular coagulation and a MAHA should be ruled out. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a rare, but possibly fatal complication of therapy with heparins.
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PMID:[Emergency blood picture]. 848 74


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