Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three enolase isozymes (alpha alpha, alpha gamma, and gamma gamma) and S-100 protein in the extract of neuroendocrine tumors (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and pheochromocytoma) and nonneuroendocrine tumors (Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and hepatoblastoma) were determined by means of enzyme immunoassay systems. All of the tumors examined showed a high level of alpha alpha-enolase (1.71 to 19.0 micrograms/mg protein). Levels of nervous system-specific enolases (NSE; alpha gamma and gamma gamma) in the neuroendocrine tumors were also rather high (alpha gamma, 1.64 to 7.45 micrograms/mg protein; gamma gamma, 0.052 to 5.56 micrograms/mg protein). However, the NSE concentration in the extract of nonneuroendocrine tumors was low (alpha gamma, less than 0.88 micrograms/mg protein; gamma gamma, 0 microgram/mg protein). The level of S-100 protein was relatively high in ganglioneuroma (greater than 500 ng/mg protein) and ganglioneuroblastoma (greater than 100 ng/mg protein), but low in neuroblastoma (less differentiated neuroendocrine tumor) and nonneuroendocrine tumors. Serum levels of enolase isozymes were also determined in neuroblastoma patients before and after resection of primary tumor or effective chemotherapy. The elevated level of serum NSE (alpha gamma and gamma gamma) was markedly decreased with little change in the alpha alpha level by the treatment.
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PMID:Determination of three enolase isozymes and S-100 protein in various tumors in children. 631 26

Retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma have many common features, clinical as well as histologic; a common embryonic origin has been suggested. The authors studied the electrophoretic pattern of enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) in these tumors. All tumors were characterized by the presence of three types of enolase, designated as alpha alpha, alpha gamma and gamma gamma. The latter is supposed to be the neuron-specific enolase. Normal adult brain and adult retina show the same set of isozymes (alpha alpha, alpha gamma and gamma gamma). In contrast, gliomas of childhood, tumors originating from the supportive tissue of the central nervous system, are characterized mainly by the presence of the alpha alpha dimer and a small amount of the alpha gamma hybrid. The results of this report support the hypothesis of a common embryonic origin of retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma.
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PMID:Isozyme pattern of enolase of childhood tumors. 632 5

Enolase isozymes (alpha, beta and gamma enolases) in the extracts of pediatric tumors (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms' tumor) were determined by means of enzyme immunoassay systems. All tumor tissues examined contained alpha enolase at high levels (2070-19100 ng/mg protein). The beta and gamma enolases were present at high levels particularly in rhabdomyosarcoma (886 +/- 750 ng/mg protein) and (ganglio)neuroblastoma (2060 +/- 890 ng/mg protein), respectively. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed these results. Serum levels of these enolase isozymes were also determined in pediatric tumor patients. Before treatment, a serum sample from a patient with rhabdomyosarcoma contained a high level of beta enolase and serum samples from patients with (ganglio)neuroblastoma contained high levels of gamma enolase. However, the levels of serum beta and gamma enolases were low in patients with Wilms' tumor. The elevated level of beta or gamma enolase in serum from rhabdomyosarcoma or (ganglio)neuroblastoma patients was markedly decreased after adequate treatment (operation, chemotherapy or radiation). The results indicated that the enolase isozymes are useful marker antigens for differential diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
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PMID:Enolase isozymes as markers for differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Wilms' tumor. 632 51

Serum levels of nervous system-specific enolase (alpha gamma form plus gamma gamma form) were determined in 18 patients with neuroblastoma and in 40 control infants by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay method specific to the gamma subunit (or 14-3-2 protein) of enolase isozymes. Levels in patients with neuroblastoma were elevated (mean, 70.3; range, 6.2 to 330.0 ng/mL) when compared with those of control subjects (4.3 +/- 1.7 ng/mL). Most of the patients (6/7), whose serum nervous system-specific enolase level increased more than 100 ng/mL, died within 1 month. Serial measurements in patients with neuroblastoma receiving various therapies have revealed that there was a good correlation between serum nervous system-specific enolase levels and the course of the disease. These results indicate that the nervous system-specific enolase in serum may be a valuable marker for therapeutic monitoring of patients with neuroblastoma, as reported recently in patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung.
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PMID:Nervous system-specific enolase in serum as a marker for neuroblastoma. 635 7

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common tumor of childhood, presenting "unique" characteristics: i.e., different prognosis in relation to age, high rate of metastases at diagnosis, capacity of spontaneous regression, strong immunogenicity. The embryologic derivation of NB has been recently clarified: NB derives from the embrional sympathetic nervous tissue; its enzymatic activity is determined mainly by environmental factors. A number of clinical and laboratory aspects influence the fate of children with NB: extention of disease and age are the most important, followed by site of primary, histology, pattern of metastatic spread, immunologic characteristics. Among laboratory tests, many are correlated with the clinical course: urinary excretion of sympathetic amines, serum levels of ferritin, C3 complement fraction, LDH, IgM, neurono-specific enolase. In the recent years the development of monoclonal antibodies techniques has greatly improved. In NB, a number of membrane molecule determinants have been discovered, against which specific monoclonal antibodies can be profitably directed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. NB cells grow in vitro in the soft agar system; in this assay resistance and sensitivity of tumor cells can be tested with sufficient accuracy and may predict drug effect in vivo. Therapy of disseminated neuroblastoma is unsatisfactory till now. Promising techniques include autologous or allogeneic bone marrow infusion following supralethal chemotherapy, and administration of substances, such as retnoids, able to promote neuroblastoma cells differentiation in vivo.
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PMID:[Neuroblastoma]. 639 28

Cultured human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) or 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In both cases, the cells acquired long cell processes and the cell growth was partially inhibited. Treatment with RA or TPA resulted in an increased neuron-specific enolase activity, relative to the total cellular enolase activity. At the optimal concentration, TPA induced a 200-fold increase in the concentration of noradrenalin, whereas in RA-treated cells the corresponding increase was only fourfold. Cells treated with a combination of RA and TPA were morphologically differentiated and growth inhibited and had a high relative activity of neuron-specific enolase. The increase in the concentration of noradrenalin induced by TPA was inhibited by RA in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, despite this result there seemed to be no general antagonistic effect of RA on the TPA-induced differentiation. The phenotypes of the cells treated by RA, TPA, or the combination of RA and TPA, did, on the other hand, differ from each other. Our results suggest that RA and TPA induce the SH-SY5Y cells to differentiate along different pathways.
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PMID:Retinoic acid-induced differentiation of cultured human neuroblastoma cells: a comparison with phorbolester-induced differentiation. 646 78

The relative amounts of the different enolase isozymes present in neuroblastoma cells change during differentiation. When differentiation is induced by low serum in the presence of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), there is a 50% decrease in the concentration of enolase activity associated with the form alpha alpha, and an increase in the activity associated with the gamma-containing isozymes (alpha gamma plus gamma gamma); in the absence of DMSO, there is no decrease in alpha alpha or in total enolase activity. In order to study the mechanism of the changes in alpha alpha, cells differentiated with low serum with and without DMSO were compared. Measurements of the concentration of the alpha antigen by microcomplement fixation and by immunotitration demonstrate that the decreased enolase activity in DMSO cells is due to a decreased concentration of the alpha antigen. Measurements of the relative rate of synthesis of the antigen show that the decreased concentration of the alpha antigen is due to a decreased rate of synthesis. Enolase in differentiated cells is sufficiently stable (t1/2 greater than 100 h) that a comparison of the relative rates of degradation has not been possible. The decreased synthesis of the alpha subunit of enolase that occurs under these conditions appears to be a useful model system for studying the de-expression of the alpha gene that occurs in vivo during neuronal differentiation.
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PMID:Changes in the expression of the alpha alpha form of enolase during neuroblastoma differentiation. 664 99

A number of neural and nonneural tumor cell lines of rat and human origin were assayed for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) by radioimmunoassay. Most neural tumor cell lines had appreciably higher levels of NSE than did the nonneural tumor cell lines, the highest levels being found in two anaplastic rat glioma lines ( F98 and T24). These two lines contained more than twice the amount of NSE found in a rat pheochromocytoma line (PC12) and in neuroblastoma lines derived from rats ( B35 and B50 ) or humans (IMR-32 and SHSY - 5Y ). Several of the rat glioma and schwannoma lines were inoculated intracerebrally into syngeneic rats. In the resulting tumors, NSE was demonstrable by immunohistochemistry only in those from the F98 and T24 cell lines. A number of ethylnitrosourea-induced rat tumors were also examined immunohistochemically for NSE: NSE was demonstrated in three anaplastic gliomas; three astrocytomas; and two mixed gliomas. Reactive astrocytes were also positive. Fibroadenomas of apocrine and mammary glands in rats were weakly positive, but other extraneural tumors tested were negative. Since normal neuronal elements, axonal swellings, and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells are strongly positive for NSE, whereas glia and most other normal cells are negative, we hypothesize that the elevated metabolic demands imposed on neoplastic and reactive glial cells and on some extraneural tumors necessitate the opening up of metabolic pathways that are normally operative only in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, therefore resulting in the synthesis of the more stable neuron-specific form of enolase.
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PMID:Immunoradiometric and immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase in experimental rat gliomas. 672 96

The presence of the two forms of enolase, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and non-neuronal enolase (NNE), have been examined in biopsy material of human neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma and cultured neuroblastoma cells, after separation with ion exchange chromatography. The enolase activities were inhibited in the presence of NaCl but remained active in KCl, which were used in the chromatographic step. The relative NSE levels in the neuroblastoma tissues were found to be lower than in the histopathologically more differentiated forms of the tumour, i.e. ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. The human neuroblastoma in vitro cell lines SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC and IMR-32 contained considerably lower relative levels of NSE compared to the levels in the neuroblastoma biopsies. After treatment of the cultured cells with nerve growth factor or dibutyryl-cAMP some cells showed morphological differentiation and concomitantly an increase in the NSE levels. The results indicate that NSE might be useful as a marker for differentiation in human neuroblastoma.
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PMID:Neuron-specific enolase in relation to differentiation in human neuroblastoma. 679 14

Serum levels of nervous system-specific enolase (NSE, gamma gamma form plus alpha gamma form) in patients with neuroblastoma and in control subjects were determined with a sensitive solid-phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay system. Serum levels of NSE in healthy adults ranged from 1.4-5.7 ng/ml (2.87 +/- 1.18 ng/ml, n = 20), and in control children (1-7 years old) from 2.6 to 10.8 ng/ml (5.76 +/- 2.42 ng/ml, n = 20). Serum samples (n = 13) from patients with neuroblastoma contained high levels of NSE, range 13.6 to 330 ng/ml (mean 96 ng/ml); however those (n = 7) from ganglioneuroblastoma patients were within a normal range (3.0-25.0 ng/ml; mean 8.3 ng/ml). These results suggested that the NSE in serum might be a valuable marker substance for screening and therapeutic monitoring of neuroblastoma.
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PMID:High levels of immunoreactive nervous system-specific enolase in sera of patients with neuroblastoma. 704 94


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