Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children with localized and metastatic neuroblastoma were studies to determine their immune status at the time of diagnosis and while they were receiving intensive intermittent chemotherapy; Investigations included leukocyte and differential counts, delayed hypersensitivity response, quantitative serum immunoglobulins, percentages of T and Fc receptor lymphocytes, PHA-induced mitogenesis, and antibody-and PHA-dependent cellular cytoxicity. Abnormalities related to the neoplasm at diagnosis were limited to depressed leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and increased concentrations of serum IgM in patients with metastases to bone marrow and other sites. No abnormalities were observed in those with localized tumors. Intermittent chemotherapy of metastatic neuroblastoma caused immunosuppression. Effects were most marked during five-day courses of chemotherapy; they included abrogation of DH and decreased leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and percentages of Fc receptor lymphocytes. Recovery of DH with partial recovery of leukocyte and lymphocyte counts was observed three weeks, later, prior to the next course, We conclude that both metastatic tumor and chemotherapy cause abnormalities of the immune system in children with neuroblastoma.
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PMID:Abnormalities of the immune system in children with neuroblastoma related to the neoplasm and chemotherapy. 32 Feb 98

Monoclonal antibodies (mAB) with tumor specificity are able to enhance the immunological specificity of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-activated lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. Antibodies may also be used to broaden the range of tumor types susceptible to immune mediated cytotoxicity by the activated LAK cells. In these studies, mAB with relative tumor specificity were used to target immunologically activated effector cells in an in vitro antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The mAB included: 3F8 and 14.G2a, which are both specific for neuroblastoma and melanoma and recognize ganglioside GD2, and mAB ING-1, a mouse-human chimeric antibody with constant regions from human IgG1 and kappa chains and variable regions from a mouse mAB that binds to a broad range of human adenocarcinomas. Each of these mAB was able to mediate ADCC with fresh effector cells and antibody binding targets. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from cancer patients prior to and following in vivo therapy with interleukin 2, a significant increase was noted in ADCC activity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained following IL-2 therapy. Inclusion of IL-2 in the medium during the cytotoxic assay with mAB further boosted ADCC. The total activity seen was often greater than the sum of the independent LAK activity and standard ADCC activity. The cells responsible for this ADCC had the CD16+ Fc receptor. Combining IL-2 with mAB in clinical tumor therapy may lead to a wider range of tumor types being responsive to immunotherapy and may also enhance the efficacy of therapy by specifically targeting activated effector cells to tumor cells recognized by mAB. Our results provide strong support for the testing of these hypotheses in clinical trials by combining in vivo treatment with IL-2 and mAB able to mediate ADCC.
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PMID:Augmentation of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity following in vivo therapy with recombinant interleukin 2. 238 33

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is known to stimulate proliferation of monocyte/macrophage progenitors and enhance in vitro antitumor cytotoxicity by murine macrophages. In this paper we have shown that recombinant human M-CSF causes human peripheral blood monocytes to differentiate in culture into metabolically active macrophage-like cells. These cells mediate very efficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines in the presence of two murine IgG3 mAbs (3F8 and R24). They also mediate antibody-independent cytotoxicity (or cytostasis) to a lesser extent. Human serum had an inconsistent effect on ADCC, but often induced similar high levels of ADCC. Cytotoxicity was measured using a novel ELISA to detect surviving tumor cells after ADCC. Two conventional isotope-release assays (51Cr and [3H]TdR) underestimated or entirely failed to detect ADCC by M-CSF-activated monocytes. Optimal activation occurred with 100-300 U/ml of M-CSF, and required 9-11 d for completion. Most of the M-CSF cultured monocytes expressed the low-affinity Fc receptor (CD16). ADCC by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage using murine IgG3 mAbs may have significance for the immunotherapy of human malignancies.
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PMID:Antibody-dependent antitumor cytotoxicity by human monocytes cultured with recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Induction of efficient antibody-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity not detected by isotope release assays. 252 48

3F8 is a murine monoclonal IgG3 antibody specific for the tumor-associated antigen ganglioside GD2. Previous in vitro studies suggest that tumor regressions observed in a phase I clinical trial of 3F8 may be attributable to complement activation by 3F8 and to 3F8-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with lymphocytes. We now describe 3F8-mediated ADCC of GD2-positive tumor targets (melanoma and neuroblastoma) with human granulocytes and report that recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhanced this phenomenon. Cytotoxicity required binding of 3F8 to the low-affinity Fc receptor type III (CD16) on the granulocytes and was poor with tumor-binding monoclonal antibodies of other immunoglobulin (ie, non-IgG3) subclasses. GM-CSF (2 to 20 ng/mL) increased ADCC by 93% to 267% at limiting dilutions of 3F8 (1 microgram/mL). With most GD2-positive cell lines tested, this effect translated into a tenfold or greater augmentation in 3F8 efficiency at mediating ADCC. Comparable enhancement occurred whether GM-CSF was present in the ADCC assay or granulocytes were incubated with GM-CSF and washed before the assay. Nonoxidative mechanisms may be important for ADCC since 3F8 mediated ADCC with granulocytes from two children with chronic granulomatous disease; this cytotoxicity was also enhanced by GM-CSF. Since GM-CSF induces a neutrophilia in patients, our data suggest that this cytokine may have the potential of amplifying 3F8 antitumor activity in patients by increasing effector cell numbers and by priming granulocytes for greater cytotoxicity.
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PMID:GM-CSF enhances 3F8 monoclonal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against human melanoma and neuroblastoma. 265 66

A non-Fc receptor-bearing mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro-2a, was used in indirect immunofluorescence tests to characterize the pattern of anti-neuronal activity of human sera in 41 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including seven cases of cerebral lupus, 30 "disease controls" (rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis) and 30 healthy subjects. The immunofluorescence reaction with Neuro-2a gave a uniform ring fluorescence of the cell surface of cultured cells at 4 and at 37 degrees C, clusters were seen at 5 to 10 min and surface globules at 20 to 120 min. Titres of antibody to Neuro-2a in SLE ranged from less than 5 (seven cases), 5 to 20 (23 cases) and greater than or equal to 40 (11 cases). Titres of 80 to 160 were given by five of seven cases of cerebral lupus and two of 34 cases without cerebral lupus. Antibody to Neuro-2a was demonstrable in subjects without SLE, but to lower titres (less than 5-20). Of 11 SLE sera with antibody titres greater than or equal to 1:40, the antibody class was IgM in eight, IgG in two and both IgM and IgG in one. Absorption studies indicated that serum reactivity against Neuro-2a cells could be removed from some SLE sera with the cultured human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, but not with mouse fibroblasts, mouse 3T3 cells, rat C6 glioma cells, rat transformed mesenchymal cells, nor by homogenates of mouse brain, heart, liver of kidney. Detection of antibody to Neuro-2a cell may be helpful in identifying patients with cerebral disease due to SLE.
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PMID:Autoantibody to a novel neuronal antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus and in normal human sera. 703 32

Cytotoxic effector cells interact with target cells through various mechanisms. CTLs use the antigen-specific T cell receptor, whereas Fc receptor-positive natural killer cells use this receptor to interact with antibody-coated target cells. We evaluated the tumor-binding and lymphocyte-activating capability of a recombinant fusion protein consisting of a tumor-selective human/mouse chimeric anti-ganglioside GD2 antibody (ch14.18) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL2) (ch14.18-IL2). This fusion protein bound specifically to GD2-positive melanoma and neuroblastoma tumor cell lines, and its IL2 component stimulated in vitro proliferation of an IL2-dependent cell line, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in healthy control individuals and in cancer patients receiving continuous infusion of IL2. The IL2 presented by the fusion protein, when bound to tumor cells, induced proliferation of IL2-responsive cells as well as a comparable amount of soluble IL2 did. This suggests that localization of IL2 at the site of contact between tumor and effector cells is an effective way of presenting this cytokine to IL2-responsive cells. The ch14.18-IL2 fusion protein also mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity with Fc receptor-positive effector cells to an extent similar to ch14.18. These results, together with those of previous studies documenting antitumor efficacy against human tumor xenografts in SCID mice and GD2-positive murine tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic mice, suggest that the ch14.18-IL2 fusion protein should be tested in Phase I and II trials in patients with GD2-positive tumors.
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PMID:Activation of human effector cells by a tumor reactive recombinant anti-ganglioside GD2 interleukin-2 fusion protein (ch14.18-IL2). 981 54

Neurotrophins are key signalling molecules in the development of the nervous system. They elicit diverse cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Neurotrophins (NTs) bind to two different classes of cell surface receptors, Trk receptor tyrosine kinases and p75NTR, both of which are expressed by neuroblastoma cells. Neurotrophin signalling via Trks was shown to promote both survival and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells in vitro. The expression of certain Trk receptors is considered to be a prognostic indicator. The p75NTR receptor is the founding member of the Fas/TNF-R family, which is best known for its function in the induction of apoptosis. Its function in neuroblastomas is thus far poorly understood. We analysed neurotrophin receptor (NTR) expression of neuroblastoma cells by surface biotinylation assays and applied recombinant nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 to these cell lines assessing their survival and proliferation in long-term assays lasting 6 days. NGF increased proliferation of Neuro 2a cells, which express p75NTR but no TrkA receptors on their surface. On the other hand, SK-N-BE cell proliferation was decreased after NGF treatment, even though these cells also express p75NTR but no TrkA receptors on their surface. Interestingly, neurotrophin-scavenger proteins (TrkB-Fc and TrkC-Fc) as well as chemical blockers of Trk receptor signalling (K252a, Wortmannin, PD98059) slowed down the proliferation of both cell lines in medium containing serum. Taken together, our results indicate that p75NTR activation has diverse effects on neuroblastomas, depending on the specific neuroblastoma clone. In addition, our studies point towards TrkB-Fc or TrkC-Fc receptor bodies as useful tools to influence the survival of neuroblastoma cells.
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PMID:Neurotrophin effects on neuroblastoma cells: correlation with trk and p75NTR expression and influence of Trk receptor bodies. 1501 75

One important purpose of T cell engineering is to generate tumor-targeted T cells through the genetic transfer of antigen-specific receptors, which consist of either physiological, MHC-restricted T cell receptors (TCRs) or non MHC-restricted chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). CARs combine antigen-specificity and T cell activating properties in a single fusion molecule. First generation CARs, which included as their signaling domain the cytoplasmic region of the CD3zeta or Fc receptor gamma chain, effectively redirected T cell cytotoxicity but failed to enable T cell proliferation and survival upon repeated antigen exposure. Receptors encompassing both CD28 and CD3zeta are the prototypes for second generation CARs, which are now rapidly expanding to a diverse array of receptors with different functional properties. First generation CARs have been tested in phase I clinical studies in patients with ovarian cancer, renal cancer, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma, where they have induced modest responses. Second generation CARs, which are just now entering the clinical arena in the B cell malignancies and other cancers, will provide a more significant test for this approach. If the immunogenicity of CARs can be averted, the versatility of their design and HLA-independent antigen recognition will make CARs tools of choice for T cell engineering for the development of targeted cancer immunotherapies.
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PMID:The promise and potential pitfalls of chimeric antigen receptors. 1932 74

Disease recurrence is frequent in high-risk neuroblastoma (NBL) patients even after multi-modality aggressive treatment [a combination of chemotherapy, surgical resection, local radiation therapy, autologous stem cell transplantation, and cis-retinoic acid (CRA)]. Recent clinical studies have explored the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to disialoganglioside (GD(2)), highly expressed in NBL, as a means to enable immune effector cells to destroy NBL cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Preclinical data indicate that ADCC can be more effective when appropriate effector cells are activated by cytokines. Clinical studies have pursued this by administering anti-GD(2) mAb in combination with ADCC-enhancing cytokines (IL2 and GM-CSF), a regimen that has demonstrated improved cancer-free survival. More recently, early clinical studies have used a fusion protein that consists of the anti-GD(2) mAb directly linked to IL2, and anti-tumor responses were seen in the Phase II setting. Analyses of genes that code for receptors that influence ADCC activity and natural killer (NK) cell function [Fc receptor (FcR), killer immunoglublin-like receptor (KIR), and KIR-ligand (KIR-L)] suggest patients with anti-tumor activity are more likely to have certain genotype profiles. Further analyses will need to be conducted to determine whether these genotypes can be used as predictive markers for favorable therapeutic outcome. In this review, we discuss factors that affect response to mAb-based tumor therapies such as hu14.18-IL2. Many of our observations have been made in the context of NBL; however, we will also include some observations made with mAbs targeting other tumor types that are consistent with results in NBL. Therefore, we hypothesize that the NBL observations discussed here may also be relevant to mAb therapy for other cancers, in which ADCC is known to play a role.
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PMID:Increasing the clinical efficacy of NK and antibody-mediated cancer immunotherapy: potential predictors of successful clinical outcome based on observations in high-risk neuroblastoma. 2262 17

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which can be modeled using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to generate oxidative stress. Here, we studied the effects of the antioxidants deferricoprogen (DFC) and dimerumic acid (DMA), produced by rice fermented with Monascus purpureus NTU 568, on 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and their potential protective mechanisms. DMA and DFC inhibited 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Molecular analysis demonstrated associated upregulation of the Ak mouse strain thymoma (Akt), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways along with inhibited phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 pathways and altered homodimeric glycoprotein, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and immunoglobulin Fc receptor gene expression. These results suggested that the neuroprotection elicited by DMA and DFC against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity was associated with the Akt, MAPK, and HO-1 pathways via regulating the gene expression of NMDA receptor, homodimeric glycoprotein, and immunoglobulin Fc receptor.
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PMID:Dimerumic Acid and Deferricoprogen Activate Ak Mouse Strain Thymoma/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathways and Prevent Apoptotic Cell Death in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced SH-SY5Y Cells. 2743 Oct 98


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