Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The expression of the gene codifying for CD4, the most important human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) receptor molecule, was analyzed in 11 fetal brains at various gestational ages and in 9 human neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines. CD4 gene expression in fetal and malignant neural cells was then compared with that observed in a hematopoietic cell line and adult hippocampus. 2. In addition, CD4 mRNA was evaluated in two NB cell lines induced to differentiate in vitro with retinoic acid (RA) or 1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H7), a protein kinase C inhibitor. 3. All fetal brains and NB cell lines express a 1.8-kb signal when hybridized with pT4BcDNA probe, while a 3.0-kb signal such as observed in hematopoietic human cells was found in 1 of 11 fetal brains and in 0 of 9 NB cell lines. The 1.8-kb signal was lost in all analyzed poly(A)+ mRNA samples. 4. Moreover, CD4 gene expression was not induced in either RA- or H7-treated NB cells at any tested time and dose. The analysis of NB cells by polymerase chain reaction failed to demonstrate CD4 expression in either poly(A)+ or poly(A)- RNA. 5. In conclusion, the results show that the 1.8-kb signal observed in RNA extracted from fetal or transformed human neural cells is probably due to an aspecific hybridization. However, the gene codifying for CD4 can rarely be expressed by fetal brain cells early during gestation, in still unclear circumstances.
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PMID:Analysis of CD4 gene expression in human fetal brain and neuroblasts. 135 Sep 44

A major question in the pathogenesis of AIDS encephalopathy and dementia is whether HIV-1 directly infects cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The propagation of HIV was attempted in six cell lines: three related and three unrelated to the nervous system. HIV was able to propagate in two human neuroblastoma cell lines and a lymphocytic cell line control but did not result in infections of African green monkey kidney cells, human cervix carcinoma cells, and one human brain astrocytoma cell line. Neuroblastoma cell lines infected with HIV showed peaks of reverse transcriptase activity at 10-14 days postinfection. After prolonged growth in cell cultures, one of the neuroblastoma cell lines showed multiphasic virus production, additional high peaks of reverse transcriptase activity, 20-fold greater than the first, lasting from 36 to 74 days and 110 to 140 days postinfection. The presence of HIV was confirmed by p24 antigen capture. The neuroblastoma cell lines had weak but detectable levels of CD4 immunoreactivity by immunoperoxidase and flow immunocytometric analysis. Although no T4-specific RNA sequences were detected by hybridization of Northern blots of total and poly A-selected RNA extracted from the two neuroblastoma cell lines by using a T4 specific complimentary DNA probe, monoclonal antibodies to the CD4 receptor blocked HIV infection in both neuroblastoma cell lines. Thus, the infection of neuroblastoma cells by HIV occurs in part by a CD4-dependent mechanism. Passaging the neuroblastoma cell lines weekly and bimonthly resulted in similar cell cycle-DNA content patterns for the more permissive cell line and with significant numbers of cells in the S phase. HIV-infected neuroblastoma cell lines provide an in vitro model for the evaluation of virus-host cell interactions and may be useful in addressing the issue of the persistence of HIV in the human CNS.
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PMID:HIV-1 propagates in human neuroblastoma cells. 170 60

Activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a neuroblastoma patient by co-cultivation with autologous neuroblastoma cells in a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture (A-MLTC) resulted in the generation of cytotoxic activity against the autologous neuroblastoma cell line HNB-MS. A-MLTC was set up in the presence of recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2). HNB-MS stimulator was treated with recombinant human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) prior to A-MLTC. CTL generated in short-term culture effectively lysed HNB-MS, while they had no effect on an Epstein-Barr virus transformed autologous B-cell line EB-MS. Moreover, CTL lysed 3 different allogeneic neuroblastoma cell lines, but not a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RBB. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) enhanced and suppressed CTL generation, respectively, when added to the A-MLTC from the beginning of culture. CD3+ CD4- CD8+ T cells were the major anti-tumor effectors. Furthermore, 111indium-labeled CTL clearly accumulated in metastatic sites. These results indicate that CTL can be used for adoptive immunotherapy in neuroblastoma.
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PMID:Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in a child with neuroblastoma. 208 62

Target cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed to the individual structural proteins (except for the large polymerase (L) protein) of rabies virus were established by expressing only the respective protein in murine neuroblastoma (NA) and murine macrophage (J774-1) cell lines. Mice infected with the ERA strain of rabies virus developed CTL responses to all of these rabies virus proteins. The cytotoxic activity was abrogated by pretreatment of the effector cells with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and complement but not with anti-CD4 MAb. Cell lysis by CTL was blocked in the presence of anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 antibodies in J774-1 cell lines. Rabies virus-infected cells express these proteins at the surface, which can be recognized and lysed by the respective CTL. Mice immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated virus induced a CTL response against glycoprotein but not against internal viral components. This assay system might be useful for further analysis of the possible contribution of these proteins in the cell-mediated immune protection against rabies.
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PMID:Target cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to the individual structural proteins of rabies virus. 785 13

The clinical presentation, risk factors, laboratory data, and neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in 26 patients with autopsy proved central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis are reviewed. Eleven patients had hematological malignancies (8 underwent bone marrow transplantation), 8 patients underwent liver transplantation, and 3 patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Four had illnesses resulting in immunosuppression (systemic lupus erythematosus, infected aortic graft, neuroblastoma, and fulminant hepatic failure). The most common presenting clinical symptoms of CNS aspergillosis were fever and a strokelike syndrome. Risk factors for developing CNS aspergillosis included neutropenia, immunosuppressive therapy, low CD4 counts, and retransplantation. Spinal fluid findings were nondiagnostic. Computed tomograms and magnetic resonance scans of the head showed low-density lesions or hemorrhagic infarctions. Most aspergillosis cases occurred in the setting of widely disseminated disease commonly arising from the lung. Pathologically, multiple areas of necrosis throughout the brain were seen. Aspergillus invasion of blood vessel walls was seen microscopically. Amphotericin B with or without flucytosine was not effective treatment.
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PMID:Central nervous system aspergillosis. Analysis of 26 patients. 806 80

We have studied human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells at various stages of morphological differentiation. Two days' treatment of the cells with retinoic acid (RA) or dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP) resulted in the appearance of elongated neurites and enhanced production of 160K to 200K neurofilament proteins as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. DNA synthesis was reduced only in RA-treated cells as detected by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation. The cells were infected with two T-lymphotropic virus strains (IIIB and NDK) and two fresh isolates (39001 and 46001) from bronchoalveolar lavage samples of AIDS patients. The latter two isolates were unable to form syncytia in infected CD4-positive T-lymphoblastoid C8166 cells which was in contrast to our T-lymphotropic virus strains. Interphase in situ hybridization showed that 14 to 16% of SH-SY5Y cells become positive for HIV-1 DNA. Regardless of the virus strain, morphological differentiation of the cells with RA or db-cAMP inhibited infection by 50% at a single cell in situ resolution. Nested PCR confirmed the presence of proviral DNA in the infected cells. These results show that human neuroblastoma cells, tumour cells of neuroectodermal origin, can be infected by different HIV-1 isolates and that the infection is inhibited by neurotypic cell differentiation.
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PMID:Morphological differentiation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 811 28

The cell line AG-F was isolated from the marrow of a neuroblastoma patient undergoing myeloablative treatment and autologous bone marrow rescue. A year later, the patient developed a Hodgkin's type lymphoma. AG-F cell line demonstrated an unusual phenotype, lacking surface CD2 and CD3, but expressing high levels of CD4, CD5, CD7, CD29, and CD45RO. Markers associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma cells, CD15 and CD30, were also positive. AG-F cells grow in suspension in clusters of 50-200 cells, with a doubling time of 9 h. They can also grow in serum-free medium and form tumors in nude mice. AG-F cells have amplified N-myc and c-myc and high levels of the corresponding mRNA transcripts. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a DNA index by flow cytometry of near tetraploid cells and a karyotype of 85-87 chromosomes, with consistent abnormalities in chromosomes 1, 5, and 9. Gene rearrangement studies revealed rearrangement of the beta gene of the T-cell receptor. AG-F cells secrete high levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and GM-CSF. Cell adherence and formation of long processes could be induced by fibronectin and were enhanced by exposure to PMA. Cells exposed to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) had increased expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD18, CD45RO, and HLA-DR, whereas expression of CD15 and CD30 was markedly decreased. Similarly, the level of c-myc and N-myc oncoproteins and the levels of the cytoskeletal proteins, actin, tubulin, and vimentin markedly decreased early after PMA-induced differentiation.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of an early T-helper/inducer cell line with a unique pattern of surface phenotype, constitutive cytokine secretion and myc oncogene expression. 825 4

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is commonly found in the brains of patients with AIDS and in some cases can be detected in the same cells as can human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we analyzed the patterns of replication of HIV-1 and HCMV in singly infected cells and the effects of dual infection in human brain-derived cell lines of three different origins: neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-MC and SY5Y; astrocytoma/glioblastoma cell lines U373-MG and Hs 683; and undifferentiated glioblastoma cell lines A172 and T98G. To bypass the restriction at the adsorption/penetration step in these CD4-negative cells, we used HIV-1 (amphotropic retrovirus) pseudotypes. These HIV-1 pseudotypes infected the majority of the cells in the cultures and expressed high levels of HIV-1 gene products in all except the SY5Y cells. The cell lines differed in the ability to support HCMV infection, but coinfection with HIV-1 had no effect on HCMV replication. The A172 cells were completely nonpermissive for HCMV gene expression, while HCMV replication in the singly infected T98G and SK-N-MC cell lines was restricted at the level of some early gene products. This resulted in complete and partial inhibition, respectively, of viral DNA synthesis. Dual infection of the A172, T98G, and SK-N-MC cells had no effect on HIV-1 replication. The other three cell lines, U373-MG, Hs 683, and SY5Y, were fully permissive for HCMV replication. In the U373-MG and Hs 683 cells, HCMV markedly inhibited the synthesis of HIV-1 gene products. In contrast, a transient stimulation of HIV-1 production followed by a repression was observed in the dually infected SY5Y cells. We conclude from these results that under conditions in which both HIV-1 and HCMV can undergo fully permissive infection, HCMV can repress HIV-1 gene expression. In cells in which HCMV replication is limited but HIV-1 replicates well, there is no effect on HIV-1 gene expression. However, activation of HIV-1, at least transiently, may occur in cells in which HIV-1 gene expression is limited. These studies suggest that a threshold level of some HIV-1 gene product(s) may obscure activation or promote repression of HIV replication by HCMV.
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PMID:The effects of cytomegalovirus on human immunodeficiency virus replication in brain-derived cells correlate with permissiveness of the cells for each virus. 828 98

Several neuropathologic findings in infants and children with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection are different from those observed in adults, probably related to the fact that the retroviral infection occurs in the setting of neuro-development. This report describes the interaction and biologic activity of tat, the HIV-1 trans-activating protein on human neuroblasts. Two human neuroblastoma cell lines, LAN-5 and GI-CA-N, have been studied for their capability to adhere to tat (full recombinant protein) and to two different peptide residues of it. Both cells adhere to tat and tat46-60 basic domain, although not to tat65-80 residue, which contains the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) motif. Adhesion to collagen I was inhibited by preincubating GI-CA-N cells with tat,46-60 although not with tat,65-80 indicating the capability of the basic residue to interfere with collagen I-induced cellular adhesion. The expression of 200-kD neurofilaments induced by collagen I was not induced by tat,46-60 indicating that neural differentiation along the same pathway is not mimicked by this peptide. Neuroblast cell proliferation was not affected by adhesion to tat46-60 nor to tat.65-80 GI-CA-N cells are not permissive to HIV-1 infection. However, proviral DNA was documented in the cell lysate for 14 consecutive in vitro passages, whereas HIV-1 transcription was never detectable. This would exclude the possibility that tat would be transduced by these cells. GI-CA-N stained negative for CD4, although positive for Gal-C, which may explain HIV-1 entry. Results show that immature human neural cells interact with tat protein and/or its basic residue in vitro. A mechanism similar to that herein described would possibly be active in vivo, which may help in clarifying the pathogenic mechanisms of neurologic dysfunction and destruction of the CNS observed in infants infected with HIV-1.
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PMID:Adhesion of human neuroblasts to HIV-1 tat. 855 50

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a major-histocompatibility-complex(MHC)-negative neuroectodermal tumour that is often infiltrated with lymphocytes. A detailed characterization of NB-associated tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has never been carried out. Here we have investigated the immunophenotype and the cytotoxic activities of TIL from nine and seven NB patients respectively. Furthermore, the T cell receptor (TcR) variability and the patterns of cytokine gene expression of fresh versus recombinant (r) interleukin (IL)-2-cultured TIL were studied in four NB cases. The results obtained showed the following: (1) freshly isolated TIL were comprised of a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells partially expressing HLA-DR and/or CD25. The CD4/CD8 ratio ranged from 0.5 to 5 in the different cases. Upon culture of TIL with rIL-2, an increased proportion of CD56+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was consistently observed; (2) IL-2-expanded TIL lysed natural-killer(NK)sensitive and lymphokine-activated-killer(LAK)-sensitive target cell lines; (3) reverse-transcriptase/polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) experiments showed that most TcR V beta genes were expressed both in fresh and in cultured TIL, suggesting that such cell populations were polyclonal; (4) interferon gamma, IL-4, IL-5, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-8, IL-10 mRNA and, to a lesser extent, IL-2 mRNA were expressed by cultured TIL, as assessed by RT-PCR; the corresponding tumour samples consistently contained TNF alpha, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA, whereas IL-2 and IFN gamma mRNA were faintly expressed in some NB tumours and IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA were never detected. A total of 90 clones were subsequently raised from IL-2-expanded TIL from six NB patients; 87/90 clones were of T cell lineage with a CD4+ or CD8+ immunophenotype, whereas the 3 remaining clones were of NK cell origin. Upon triggering of the CD3-TcR complex, 64% CD4+ and 77% CD8+ T cell clones killed the murine P815 mastocytoma cell line. Virtually no T cell clone lysed a LAK-sensitive NB cell line whereas 15% CD4+ and 17% CD8+ clones mediated NK-like activity against the K562 cell line. Finally, the patterns of cytokine production by CD4+ clones were roughly consistent with those of a T helper (TH) 1 profile and similar to those observed in CD8+ clones.
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PMID:Functional and molecular characterization of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and clones thereof from a major-histocompatibility-complex-negative human tumour: neuroblastoma. 864 Aug 45


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