Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) involved in cell adhesion and immune recognition was measured on neuroblastoma tissue samples, on a neuroblastoma (NB) cell line, SK-N-SH, and on 3 phenotypically different variants, SH-SY5Y, SH-EP, SH-IN, representing neuronal, Schwannian/glial or intermediate NB-cell types. Immunohistochemical analysis of CAM expression by NB and related tumors at different stages of differentiation revealed a co-expression of several CAM (ICAM-1/CD54, LFA-3, VLA-2 and HLA-ABC) associated with low stages and more highly differentiated NB tumors and peripheral neuroepitheliomas (PN). In contrast, N-CAM was uniformly expressed on all NB tumors. Flow cytometric analysis of CAM surface expression by SK-N-SH and variant cells revealed highly variable phenotypes. Expression of ICAM-1, LFA-3, VLA-2 and HLA-ABC molecules was associated with the epithelial cell type represented by the SH-EP variant. In contrast, low expression of these molecules and high expression of N-CAM was associated with the neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Exposure of the NB cells to differentiation inducers (retinoic acid, 5'-bromodeoxyuridine and phorbol esters) and cytokines (tau-interferon, alpha-tumor necrosis factor) resulted in a variable up-regulation of the expression of all CAMs, except N-CAM, regardless of the type of differentiation induced. In an attempt to establish a link between the pattern of expression of CAM on NB cells and their susceptibility to natural killer (NK) or lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell lysis, the analysis revealed that NB cells expressing CAM and a differentiated phenotype were less susceptible to NK lysis, but no difference in the sensitivity of the NB cell types to LAK effectors was observed. Treatment of NB target cells with cytokines or PMA decreased their susceptibility to NK and LAK lysis, while induction of differentiation with RA or BUdR resulted in no changes in the sensitivity to NK and LAK lysis. In conclusion, expression of HLA-ABC and several co-regulated CAMs was shown to be associated with a differentiated phenotype in NB, with an overall decreased sensitivity to NK/LAK effector cells.
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PMID:Differentiation-related expression of adhesion molecules and receptors on human neuroblastoma tissues, cell lines and variants. 135 3

Nutrient substrates have been shown to enhance cell-mediated immunity, but their role as adjuvants to immunotherapy has not been previously determined. This study evaluated L-arginine as an essential substrate for optimal generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. This experiment also assessed supplemental dietary L-arginine as a means to potentiate the host antitumor response to interleukin-2 (IL-2) in a murine neuroblastoma (NRB) model. A/J mice received 1% arginine or isonitrogenous 1.7% glycine in addition to a regular diet 14 days before subcutaneous inoculation with C1300 NRB cells. Twenty-four hours later, animals received low (1 x 10(6) U/kg three times a day) or high (3 x 10(6) U/kg three times a day) doses of IL-2 or saline intraperitoneally for 4 days. On days 4 and 10 post-C1300 NRB inoculation, mice were killed for assessment of natural killer cell and tumor specific cytotoxicity. Remaining animals were followed for tumor incidence, tumor growth, and duration of host survival. Interleukin-2 therapy in mice receiving dietary arginine compared with those receiving glycine resulted in significantly augmented natural killer cell cytotoxicity (day 4) and generation of specific tumoricidal mechanisms (day 10). The addition of dietary arginine to low-dose IL-2 therapy significantly diminished C1300 NRB engraftment (p less than 0.05) and growth (p less than 0.001) and prolonged the duration of host survival (p less than 0.05) compared with the glycine treatment group. In vitro studies demonstrated that L-arginine is an essential substrate for optimal generation of LAK cells. Thus, supplemental dietary L-arginine enhances lymphocyte cytotoxic mechanisms and potentiates IL-2 immunotherapy.
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PMID:Enhancement of interleukin-2 immunotherapy with L-arginine. 154 2

Immunological evaluations were performed on 14 pediatric cancer patients who received human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) as a bolus intravenous infusion every 8 h for 5 consecutive days in a phase I trial. Three-to-four patients were treated at dose levels of 10, 30, 60, and 100 x 10(3) Cetus U/kg. Six of the patients had stage D neuroblastoma; the remainder had other solid tumors or leukemias. Infusion of rIL-2 was associated with a rapid margination of IL-2-responsive cells followed by demargination and heightened proliferative and cytotoxic activity after therapy was completed. The predominant phenotypic change in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was an increase in CD2 expression by CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. Appearance of CD2+ CD56+ cells in the circulation correlated with increased lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity as defined by the ability to kill NK-resistant Daudi tumor cells in vitro. Sustained LAK activity appeared to be dependent on the bioavailability of rIL-2 in vivo as well as in vitro. After rIL-2 therapy, PBMC that were highly responsive to rIL-2 (activated and "poised" LAK cells) persisted for at least 72 h. In the patients tested, increased lysis of autologous and/or allogeneic, histologically similar tumor cell lines was also observed after therapy. The immunoenhancing effects of rIL-2 occurred even at the lower doses used in this study. However, an objective tumor response was not observed in any of the patients.
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PMID:Immunological evaluation of pediatric cancer patients receiving recombinant interleukin-2 in a phase I trial. 159 13

Expression of the lymphokine genes in human astroglial cell lineage was studied. Primers for 9 different human lymphokines, from IL-1 alpha to IL-8, were used to analyze RNA transcripts in 5 cultured human astrocytoma, one neuroblastoma cell line and 4 fresh brain specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). mRNA transcripts of neither IL-1 nor IL-3, the biological activities of which were observed in rat primary cultured astrocytes, could be detected within these cell lines. Two out of 5 unstimulated astrocytomas, U138 and U373, expressed IL-6 genes. IL-8 gene was detected within U87, U138, U251, U373 glioma cells. After stimulation with IL-1 beta, all astrocytoma and one neuroblastoma cell line expressed IL-6 and IL-8 genes. In addition to the cultured cells, we examined IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression within human malignant astrocytoma specimens. The result shows that three out of four glioma specimens expressed IL-6 and IL-8 genes. From these results, it is suspected that astroglial cell-derived IL-6 or IL-8 may participate in local immune reactions accompanying infection, degeneration and malignancies in the central nervous system.
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PMID:[An analysis of lymphokine gene expression within astrocytoma]. 163 May 67

We have investigated the effect of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment of neuroblastoma cells on the susceptibility to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and examined the participation of cell-adhesion molecules on the target cells in LAK cell lysis. Untreated neuroblastoma cells expressed lymphocyte-function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3) and neural-cell-adhesion molecule (NCAM), but did not express MHC-class-I, MHC-class-II, or intercellular-adhesion molecule I (ICAM-I). IFN-gamma treatment of neuroblastoma cells induced the expression of MHC-class-I and ICAM-I antigens, but did not affect the expression of MHC-class-II, LFA-3, and NCAM. This was accompanied by an increased susceptibility to lysis by LAK cells. Anti-ICAM-I antibody inhibited partially the increased sensitivity of IFN-gamma-treated neuroblastoma cells to LAK cell lysis, and blocked completely the increase in binding of LAK cells observed after IFN-gamma treatment of the target cells. These results suggest that the increased LAK sensitivity of IFN-gamma-treated neuroblastoma cells is partially attributable to the induction of ICAM-I on neuroblastoma cells and indicate that post-binding events also play a role in the increased sensitivity to LAK cell lysis observed after IFN-gamma treatment.
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PMID:Increased susceptibility of IFN-gamma-treated neuroblastoma cells to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells: participation of ICAM-1 induction on target cells. 167 70

A phase II trial using interleukin-2 (IL2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was carried out in an attempt to treat children with end-stage neuroblastoma. Fifteen patients (median age, 7 years) were enrolled in the study. Twelve were in relapse after massive chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), and three had a primary refractory disease after conventional chemotherapy. IL2 was administered as an 18 x 10(6) IU/m2/d continuous infusion. One course consisted of a double 5-day treatment period separated by a 6-day break. Cytapheresis to harvest LAK progenitor cells was performed during the rest period. After a 4-day in vitro culture, LAK cells were reinjected during the second cycle of therapy. A phenotypic and functional analysis of immunologic parameters was conducted along with the therapeutic protocol. Toxicity was significant with two toxic deaths (cardiotoxicity and respiratory distress). The reinfusion of large amounts of LAK cells was clearly involved in one case, but this particularly severe toxicity has to be related to the patient's status (ie, heavy pretreatment). No significant clinical response was seen. The immunologic monitoring showed phenotypic and functional modifications in these patients before initiation of treatment and an unexpected absence of evolution of these parameters during IL2 therapy. Although the origin of these immune dysfunctions is not clear, they could be involved in the failure of IL2 therapy. Future studies of IL2 therapy in neuroblastoma should be undertaken earlier in the course of the disease.
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PMID:Interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in 15 children with advanced metastatic neuroblastoma. 183 96

Neuroblastoma remains a common and deadly childhood tumor, resistant to both surgical and chemo/radiotherapeutic intervention in its advanced stages. The role of immunotherapy in such cancers has yet to be defined. In previous work, we found that the addition of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) to 3-day in vitro tissue cultures of the murine neuroblastoma C1300, led not only to the tumor's increased cell surface expression of the immunologically important major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen, but also to an increased susceptibility of such modified tumor to subsequent lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell lysis. In this study, we sought to determine the in vivo applicability of these findings. Initial dose-response studies helped define a regimen of rIFN-gamma's administration that upregulated MHC class I without activating host natural killer (NK) activity. A/J mice bearing 7-day-old subcutaneous C1300 were randomized to receive daily morning injections of either 0, 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 U of rIFN-gamma intraperitoneally for 6 days. Animals were killed at days 3, 6, and 9 after initiation of rIFN-gamma therapy, and tumors were excised, digested, and stained for both MHC class I and II expression. At the time of sacrifice, splenocytes from each animal were tested for NK cytotoxicity toward YAC (an NK-sensitive lymphoma) and C1300. These studies defined 3 days of therapy with 25,000 U as a "priming" dose that increased expression of class I with minimal impact on NK activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Low-dose interferon gamma renders neuroblastoma more susceptible to interleukin-2 immunotherapy. 190 48

The cytolytic activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells against human neuroblastoma (NB) cells was investigated using the continuous NB cell lines, IMR-32, Kelly, and two subclones of SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y (neuroblastic phenotype), and SH-EP (non-neuronal phenotype). NB cells were found to be sensitive targets of LAK. Of the SK-N-SH subclones, the neuroblasts, SH-SY5Y, were more susceptible to LAK killing than were the non-neuronal cells, SH-EP. Pretreatment of the targets SH-SY5Y and SH-EP with the differentiating agents, retinoic acid (RA, 10 microM), herbimycin A (236 nM), or nerve growth factor (10 ng/ml), did not substantially alter LAK killing. Furthermore, these differentiating agents did not measurably affect LAK activity during the cytolysis assay or with 1-h preincubation of the LAK effectors. However, co-incubation of the LAK cultures over the 3-day activation period with RA (1 microM) or PGE2 (1 microM) inhibited cytolysis by 80%, suggesting that these agents interfere with an early activation step of LAK. These results support the potential use of LAK treatment for neuroblastoma, in combination with differentiation agents that do not affect neuroblastoma sensitivities toward LAK cells. However, some differentiation agents, (e.g., RA) and endogenous prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2) may interfere with LAK activation.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer cells against human neuroblastoma cells: modulation by neuroblast differentiation. 197 38

The cytolytic function of natural killer (NK) cells and their responsiveness to interferon-alpha and IL-2 were investigated in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using 51Cr-release and single-cell assays. For comparison, such NK cell functions were similarly assayed in neuroblastoma. NK activity in ALL children was extremely low at onset, but it increased gradually during remission and finally reached normal levels. At the single-cell level, their NK cells at onset were defective in the binding, lytic, and recycling abilities. Although the binding and lytic defects improved to normal levels during remission, the recycling, which increased gradually during remission, was still low even after the long-term remission in ALL: the maximal recycling capacity values were 1.9 +/- 0.4 (p less than 0.001) at onset and 4.6 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.05) after 5 y of complete remission, as compared to the value in control children of 5.4 +/- 0.7. On the other hand, children with neuroblastoma had no recycling defect after completing the therapy: their maximal recycling capacity value was 5.6 +/- 0.7. Bone marrow cells in ALL were also depressed in their recycling ability at all stages. Interferon-alpha and IL-2 could enhance NK activity and IL-2 could generate lymphokine-activated killer activity at all stages of ALL; however, the recycling defect hardly improved with these treatments. Thus, NK cells in childhood ALL have a recycling defect as a functional characteristic.
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PMID:A recycling defect as a characteristic of natural killer cells in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 228 52

Supplemental dietary arginine has anti-tumor properties but the degree and mechanisms are unclear. In non-tumor-bearing CBA/J mice (n = 60), 1% arginine supplementation significantly enhanced thymic weight, spleen cell mitogenesis, and interferon-activated natural killer cell activity; no further enhancement was observed with 2% or 4% supplementation. Supplemental 1% arginine, when compared with 1.7% glycine, enhanced interferon-induced natural killer cell activity, lymphokine-activated killer cell generation, and macrophage cytotoxicity. In A/J mice (n = 420), bearing either a moderately immunogenic (C1300) or weakly immunogenic (TBJ) murine neuroblastoma, 1% arginine significantly (p less than 0.05) retarded tumor growth and prolonged median survival time compared with glycine or no supplementation. Dietary arginine enhanced T-cell function and significantly increased responsiveness to autologous C1300 tumor in a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC). The immunomodulatory effects of arginine provide nutritional and immunologic support of the tumor-bearing host and may be helpful when given concommitant with immunotherapy.
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PMID:Immunologic effects of arginine supplementation in tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing hosts. 230 98


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