Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The novel endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was rapidly inactivated by intact rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL-2H3) and mouse neuroblastoma (N18TG2) cells through diffusion/hydrolysis/reacylation processes. The hydrolysis of 2-AG was inhibited by typical esterase inhibitors and by more specific blockers of 'fatty acid amide hydrolase' (FAAH), the enzyme catalysing the hydrolysis of the other 'endocannabinoid', anandamide (AEA). No evidence for a facilitated-diffusion process was found. A 2-AG-hydrolysing activity was detected in homogenates from both cell lines, with the highest levels in membrane fractions. It exhibited an optimal pH at 10, and recognized both 2- and 1(3)- isomers of monoarachidonoylglycerol with similar efficiencies. The apparent Km and Vmax values for -3H-2-AG hydrolysis were 91 microM and 29 microM and 2.4 and 1.8 nmol.min-1.mg of protein-1 respectively in N18TG2 and RBL-2H3 cells. [3H]2-AG hydrolysis was inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+ and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and by 2- or 1(3)-monolinoleoyl- and -linolenoyl-glycerols, but not by the oleoyl, palmitoyl and myristoyl congeners. Purified fractions from solubilized membrane proteins catalysed, at pH 9.5, the hydrolysis of 2-AG as well as AEA. Accordingly, AEA as well as FAAH inhibitors, including arachidonoyltrifluoromethyl ketone (ATFMK), blocked [3H]2-AG hydrolysis by N18TG2 and RBL-2H3 membranes, whereas 2-AG inhibited [14C]AEA hydrolysis. FAAH blockade by ATFMK preserved from inactivation the 2-AG synthesized de novo by intact N18TG2 cells stimulated with ionomycin. These data suggest that FAAH may be one of the enzymes deputed to the physiological inactivation of 2-AG, and create intriguing possibilities for the cross-regulation of 2-AG and AEA levels.
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PMID:The novel endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is inactivated by neuronal- and basophil-like cells: connections with anandamide. 951 56

The endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is shown to induce apoptotic bodies formation and DNA fragmentation, hallmarks of programmed cell death, in human neuroblastoma CHP100 and lymphoma U937 cells. RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors like actinomycin D and cycloheximide reduced to one-fifth the number of apoptotic bodies induced by AEA, whereas the AEA transporter inhibitor AM404 or the AEA hydrolase inhibitor ATFMK significantly increased the number of dying cells. Furthermore, specific antagonists of cannabinoid or vanilloid receptors potentiated or inhibited cell death induced by AEA, respectively. Other endocannabinoids such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol, linoleoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamide did not promote cell death under the same experimental conditions. The formation of apoptotic bodies induced by AEA was paralleled by increases in intracellular calcium (3-fold over the controls), mitochondrial uncoupling (6-fold), and cytochrome c release (3-fold). The intracellular calcium chelator EGTA-AM reduced the number of apoptotic bodies to 40% of the controls, and electrotransferred anti-cytochrome c monoclonal antibodies fully prevented apoptosis induced by AEA. Moreover, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and MK886, cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, caspase-3 and caspase-9 inhibitors Z-DEVD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK, but not nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, significantly reduced the cell death-inducing effect of AEA. The data presented indicate a protective role of cannabinoid receptors against apoptosis induced by AEA via vanilloid receptors.
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PMID:Anandamide induces apoptosis in human cells via vanilloid receptors. Evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors. 1091 56

Treatment of intact human neuroblastoma CHP100 cells with anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) or 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) inhibits intracellular fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This effect was not associated with covalent modifications of FAAH, since specific inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, kinases, phosphatases, glycosyltransferase or nitric oxide synthase were ineffective. Electrophoretic analysis of (33)P-labelled proteins, Western blot with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, and glycan analysis of cellular proteins confirmed the absence of covalent modifications of FAAH. The inhibition by AEA was paralleled by an increased arachidonate release, which was not observed upon treatment of cells with linoleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, or oleoylethanolamide. Moreover, cell treatment with AEA or 2-AG increased the activity of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, and the hydro(pero)xides generated from arachidonate by lipoxygenase were shown to inhibit FAAH, with inhibition constants in the low micromolar range. Consistently, inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, but not those of cyclooxygenase, significantly counteracted the inhibition of FAAH by AEA or 2-AG.
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PMID:Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase by activating the lipoxygenase pathway of the arachidonate cascade. 1109 52

The endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist anandamide (AEA) and the related compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) are inactivated by transport into cells followed by metabolism by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The cellular uptake of AEA has been characterized in detail, whereas less is known about the properties of the PEA uptake, in particular in neuronal cells. In the present study, the pharmacological and functional properties of PEA and AEA uptake have been investigated in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma and, for comparison, in rat RBL-2H3 basophilic leukaemia cells. Saturable uptake of PEA and AEA into both cell lines were demonstrated with apparent K(M) values of 28 microM (PEA) and 10 microM (AEA) in Neuro-2a cells, and 30 microM (PEA) and 9.3 microM (AEA) in RBL-2H3 cells. Both PEA and AEA uptake showed temperature-dependence but only the AEA uptake was sensitive to treatment with Pronase and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The AEA uptake was inhibited by AM404, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), R1- and S1-methanandamide, arachidonic acid and olvanil with similar potencies for the two cell types. PEA, up to a concentration of 100 microM, did not affect AEA uptake in either cell line. AEA, 2-AG, arachidonic acid, R1-methanandamide, (9)-THC, and cannabidiol inhibited PEA transport in both cell lines. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin inhibited the AEA uptake but had very weak effects on the uptake of PEA. From these data, it can be concluded that PEA is transported in to cells both by passive diffusion and by a facilitated transport that is pharmacologically distinguishable from AEA uptake.
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PMID:Characterization of palmitoylethanolamide transport in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma and rat RBL-2H3 basophilic leukaemia cells: comparison with anandamide. 1130 46

1. The ability of the endogenous fatty acid amide, cis-oleamide (ODA), to bind to and activate cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors was investigated. 2. ODA competitively inhibited binding of the nonselective cannabinoid agonist [(3)H]CP55,940 and the selective CB(1) antagonist [(3)H]SR141716A to rat whole-brain membranes with K(i) values of 1.14 microm (0.52-2.53 microm, Hill slope=0.80, n=6) and 2.63 microm (0.62-11.20 microm, Hill slope=0.92, n=4), respectively. AEA inhibited [(3)H]CP55,940 binding in rat whole-brain membranes with a K(i) of 428 nm (346-510 nm, Hill slope=-1.33, n=3). 3. ODA competitively inhibited [(3)H]CP55,940 binding in human CB(1) (hCB(1)) cell membranes with a K(i) value of 8.13 microm (4.97-13.32 microm, n=2). In human CB(2) transfected (hCB(2)) HEK-293T cell membranes, 100 microm ODA produced only a partial (42.5+/-7%) inhibition of [(3)H]CP55,940 binding. 4. ODA stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in a concentration-dependent manner (EC(50)=1.64 microm (0.29-9.32 microm), R(2)=0.99, n=4-9), with maximal stimulation of 188+/-9% of basal at 100 microm. AEA stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding with an EC(50) of 10.43 microm (4.45-24.42 microm, R(2)=1.00, n=3, 195+/-4% of basal at 300 microm). Trans-oleamide (trans-ODA) failed to significantly stimulate [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding at concentrations up to 100 microm. 5. ODA (10 microm)-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding was reversed by the selective CB(1) antagonist SR141716A (IC(50)=2.11 nm (0.32-13.77 nm), R(2)=1.00, n=6). 6. The anatomical distribution of ODA-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in rat brain sections was indistinguishable from that of HU210. Increases of similar magnitude were observed due to both agonists in the striatum, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. 7. ODA (10 microm) significantly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in mouse neuroblastoma N1E 115 cells (P=0.02, n=11). ODA-mediated inhibition was completely reversed by 1 microm SR141716A (P<0.001, n=11) and was also reversed by pretreatment with 300 ng ml(-1) pertussis toxin (P<0.001, n=6). 8. These data demonstrate that ODA is a full cannabinoid CB(1) receptor agonist. Therefore, in addition to allosteric modulation of other receptors and possible entourage effects due to fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition, the effects of ODA may be mediated directly via the CB(1) receptor.
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PMID:Oleamide is a selective endogenous agonist of rat and human CB1 cannabinoid receptors. 1469 Oct 53

Anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide or AEA) is an endocannabinoid that acts at vanilloid (VR1) as well as at cannabinoid (CB1/CB2) and NMDA receptors. Here, we show that AEA, in a dose-dependent manner, causes cell death in cultured rat cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells. Inhibition of CB1, CB2, VR1 or NMDA receptors by selective antagonists did not reduce AEA neurotoxicity. Anandamide-induced neuronal cell loss was associated with increased intracellular Ca(2+), nuclear condensation and fragmentation, decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential, translocation of cytochrome c, and upregulation of caspase-3-like activity. However, caspase-3, caspase-8 or caspase-9 inhibitors, or blockade of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not alter anandamide-related cell death. Moreover, AEA caused cell death in caspase-3-deficient MCF-7 cell line and showed similar cytotoxic effects in caspase-9 dominant-negative, caspase-8 dominant-negative or mock-transfected SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Anandamide upregulated calpain activity in cortical neurons, as revealed by alpha-spectrin cleavage, which was attenuated by the calpain inhibitor calpastatin. Calpain inhibition significantly limited anandamide-induced neuronal loss and associated cytochrome c release. These data indicate that AEA neurotoxicity appears not to be mediated by CB1, CB2, VR1 or NMDA receptors and suggest that calpain activation, rather than intrinsic or extrinsic caspase pathways, may play a critical role in anandamide-induced cell death.
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PMID:Anandamide-induced cell death in primary neuronal cultures: role of calpain and caspase pathways. 1537 83

We have shown recently that in human T lymphocytes, leptin stimulates activity and expression of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), through STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and its CRE (cAMP response element)-like transcriptional target in the FAAH promoter [Maccarrone, M., Di Rienzo, M., Finazzi-Agro, A., & Rossi, A. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 13318-13324]. We have also shown that progesterone, alone or additively with leptin, up-regulates the FAAH gene in human T-cells, through the Ikaros transcription factor [Maccarrone, M., Bari, M., Di Rienzo, M., Finazzi-Agro, A., & Rossi, A. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 32726-32732]. Here, we extend these observations to immortalized human lymphoma U937 cells, where stimulation of FAAH by leptin (up to approximately 300% of the controls) involves binding to a leptin receptor (Kd = 2.0 +/- 0.1 nm, Bmax = 382 +/- 5 fmol.mg protein(-1), apparent molecular mass of approximately 110 kDa), and stimulation by progesterone involves an intracellular receptor of approximately 120 kDa. Unlike FAAH, the other proteins of the endocannabinoid system are not modulated by the two hormones. Interestingly, human neuroblastoma CHP100 cells also have a leptin receptor (approximately 110 kDa, Kd = 2.2 +/- 0.2 nm, Bmax = 339 +/- 8 fmol.mg protein(-1)), a progesterone receptor (approximately 120 kDa), STAT3 and Ikaros, yet their FAAH is not activated by leptin or progesterone. These data, corroborated by transient expression and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, demonstrate an unprecedented cell-specific regulation of the FAAH gene, which has important implications for the control of tone and activity of AEA along the neuroimmune axis.
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PMID:Differential regulation of fatty acid amide hydrolase promoter in human immune cells and neuronal cells by leptin and progesterone. 1560 54

Several G protein-coupled receptors function within lipid rafts plasma membrane microdomains, which may be important in limiting signal transduction. Here we show that treatment of rat C6 glioma cells with the raft disruptor methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) doubles the binding efficiency (i.e. the ratio between maximum binding and dissociation constant) of type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R), which belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. In parallel, activation of CB1R by the endogenous agonist anandamide (AEA) leads to approximately 3-fold higher [35S]GTPgammaS binding in MCD-treated cells than in controls, and CB1R-dependent signaling via adenylate cyclase, and p42/p44 MAPK is almost doubled by MCD. Unlike CB1R, the other AEA-binding receptor TRPV1, the AEA synthetase NAPE-PLD, and the AEA hydrolase FAAH are not modulated by MCD, whereas the activity of the AEA membrane transporter (AMT) is reduced to approximately 50% of the controls. We also show that MCD reduces dose-dependently AEA-induced apoptosis in C6 cells but not in human CHP100 neuroblastoma cells, which mirror the endocannabinoid system of C6 cells but are devoid of CB1R. MCD reduces also cytochrome c release from mitochondria of C6 cells, and this effect is CB1R-dependent and partly mediated by activation of p42/p44 MAPK. Altogether, the present data suggest that lipid rafts control CB1R binding and signaling, and that CB1R activation underlies the protective effect of MCD against apoptosis.
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PMID:Lipid rafts control signaling of type-1 cannabinoid receptors in neuronal cells. Implications for anandamide-induced apoptosis. 1565 45

We have recently reported that leptin (L) and progesterone (P) stimulate the activity and the expression of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme anandamide hydrolase (fatty acid amide hydrolase, FAAH) in human lymphoma U937 cells, but not in human neuroblastoma CHP100 cells. We have also shown that leptin and progesterone do not affect the proteins of the endocannabinoid system that synthesize and transport AEA. Here, we have summarized these findings, and have extended them by investigating the effect of leptin and progesterone on the endogenous levels of AEA. We show that leptin and progesterone significantly reduce AEA content in U937 cells (down to approximately 20% and approximately 50% of the controls, respectively), whereas they are ineffective on AEA levels in CHP100 cells. In addition, we show that leptin and progesterone prevent the pro-apoptotic activity of AEA in U937 cells, reducing DNA fragmentation by approximately 50% and approximately 35% compared to controls, respectively. Instead, neither hormone affects apoptosis induced by AEA in CHP100 cells. Since the anti-apoptotic activity of leptin and progesterone parallels their effect on FAAH, it can be suggested that enhanced degradation of AEA is the means to protect U937 cells against the toxicity of this compound. Altogether, these data suggest that a cell-specific regulation of FAAH gene might modulate the apoptotic potential of endocannabinoids along the neuroimmune axis. These findings might be relevant for the development of cell-selective drugs targeted towards FAAH.
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PMID:Further insights into the regulation of human FAAH by progesterone and leptin implications for endogenous levels of anandamide and apoptosis of immune and neuronal cells. 1615 99

Anandamide (AEA) is a lipid molecule belonging to the family of endocannabinoids. Various studies report neuroprotective activity of AEA against toxic insults, such as ischemic conditions and excitotoxicity, whereas some show that AEA has pro-apoptotic effects. Here we have shown that AEA confers a protective activity in N18TG2 murine neuroblastoma cells subjected to low serum-induced apoptosis. We have demonstrated that the protection from apoptosis by AEA is not mediated via the CB1 receptor, the CB2 receptor, or the vanilloid receptor 1. Interestingly, breakdown of AEA by fatty acid amide hydrolase is required for the protective effect of AEA. Furthermore, the ethanolamine (EA) generated in this reaction is the metabolite responsible for the protective response. The elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen species during low serum-induced apoptosis is not affected by AEA or EA. On the other hand, AEA and EA reduce caspase 3/7 activity, and AEA attenuates the cleavage of PARP-1. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for AEA and EA in the protection against low serum-induced apoptosis.
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PMID:Anandamide protects from low serum-induced apoptosis via its degradation to ethanolamine. 1722 67


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