Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new microassay which utilizes radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA) to detect antibodies bound to cell surface antigens (CSA) was developed for monolayers of viable cultured tumor cells. Optimal detection of bound antibodies occurred at 37 degrees C with incubation periods of one hour each for antiserum and 131I-SpA. Labelling target cells with 125I-iododeoxyuridine facilitated expression of results relative to tumor cell number or protein concentration. Quantitation of antibody depended on CSA (tumor cells) and 131I-SpA being in excess of antibody; under these conditions, 0.25 ng of cell surface bound antibody could be detected readily. Initial studies utilized cultured human neurobodies in human serum which bound to CSA were removed by absorption with glutaraldehyde-insolubilized fetal calf serum (FCS) suggesting that FCS or FCS-like determinants can be CSA. Rabbit antisera, after extensive absorption, bound to cultured neuroblastoma and lung adenocarcinoma cells in a cell type specific pattern. These experiments demonstrated the value of this assay in quantitating anti-CSA antibodies and in serological analysis of tumor CSA.
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PMID:Microassay using radioiodinated protein A from Staphylococcus aureus for antibodies bound to cell surface antigens of adherent tumor cells. 90 15

This study was performed to evaluate the tumor targeting ability of chCE7 with a view to clinical applications in neuroblastoma imaging and therapy. A chimeric (mouse/human) monoclonal antibody (chCE7) of gamma 1/kappa isotype directed against a neuroblastoma-associated cell-surface glycoprotein is described. In vitro chCE7 binds with high affinity (KD approximately 1 x 10(-10) M) to SKN-AS human neuroblastoma cells. Binding studies with 125I-labeled chCE7 show temperature-dependent modulation of antigen binding and indicate that a proportion of the bound antibody is internalized due to rapid antigen turnover. In vivo biodistribution of radioiodinated chCE7 in nude mice bearing SKN-AS tumors shows optimal tumor uptake after 24 hr with about 30% of the injected dose per g. Optimal tumor/blood ratios (3.4:1) are reached after 4-5 days. Uptake in other organs including the reticuloendothelial system is low with tumor/organ ratios of 10 and more. Tumor uptake of chCE7 and the parent murine CE7 are found to be similar. Stability of chCE7 during and after radiolabeling is good with no loss of immunoreactivity in preparations labeled with 123I up to 100 mCi/mg and 80% immunoreactivity after labeling with 13 mCi/mg of 131I. Neuroblastoma xenografts can be imaged by radioimmunoscintigraphy with 123I- and and 131I-labeled chCE7.
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PMID:Radioimmunolocalization of neuroblastoma xenografts with chimeric antibody chCE7. 173 44

Endogenous opioids and opioid receptors (i.e. endogenous opioid systems) are involved in carcinogenesis. Using homogenates of S20Y neuroblastoma (NB) cells grown in culture, the binding of a growth-selective ligand, [Met5]enkephalin, was examined to ascertain the zeta (zeta) opioid receptor. Specific and saturable binding of [3H]-[Met5]enkephalin was detected in NB cells; the data were consistent with a single binding site. Scatchard analysis yielded a Kd of 1.6 nM and a binding capacity (Bmax) of 48.1 fmol/mg protein; 14,000 receptors per cell were estimated. Binding was dependent on protein concentration, time, temperature, and pH, and was sensitive to 100 nM, but not 5 nM, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+; GppNHp at concentrations of 100-500 mM had little effect on binding. Optimal binding required protease inhibitors, and pretreatment of the tumor cell homogenates with trypsin markedly reduced [3H]-[Met5]enkephalin binding, suggesting that the binding site was proteinaceous in character. Displacement experiments indicated that [Met5]enkephalin was the most potent displacer of [3H]-[Met5]enkephalin. Cell density (log, confluence, postconfluence) did not alter the Kd or Bmax. This study serves as the first demonstration and characterization of the zeta (zeta) opioid receptor in tissue culture cells. The homogeneous nature of NB cell cultures, along with the enrichment in receptor number, provides an excellent model system to isolate and purify the zeta receptor.
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PMID:Demonstration and characterization of zeta (zeta), a growth-related opioid receptor, in a neuroblastoma cell line. 215 55

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is known to stimulate proliferation of monocyte/macrophage progenitors and enhance in vitro antitumor cytotoxicity by murine macrophages. In this paper we have shown that recombinant human M-CSF causes human peripheral blood monocytes to differentiate in culture into metabolically active macrophage-like cells. These cells mediate very efficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines in the presence of two murine IgG3 mAbs (3F8 and R24). They also mediate antibody-independent cytotoxicity (or cytostasis) to a lesser extent. Human serum had an inconsistent effect on ADCC, but often induced similar high levels of ADCC. Cytotoxicity was measured using a novel ELISA to detect surviving tumor cells after ADCC. Two conventional isotope-release assays (51Cr and [3H]TdR) underestimated or entirely failed to detect ADCC by M-CSF-activated monocytes. Optimal activation occurred with 100-300 U/ml of M-CSF, and required 9-11 d for completion. Most of the M-CSF cultured monocytes expressed the low-affinity Fc receptor (CD16). ADCC by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage using murine IgG3 mAbs may have significance for the immunotherapy of human malignancies.
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PMID:Antibody-dependent antitumor cytotoxicity by human monocytes cultured with recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Induction of efficient antibody-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity not detected by isotope release assays. 252 48

Endogenous opioid systems (i.e., opioids and opioid receptors) are known to play a role in neural cancer. Using [3H]-[Met5]enkephalin, a potent ligand involved in growth, specific and saturable binding was detected in homogenates of S20Y neuroblastoma transplanted into A/Jax mice; the data fit a single binding site. Scatchard analysis yielded a Kd of 0.49 nM and a binding capacity of 5.32 fmol/mg protein. Binding was dependent on protein concentration, time, temperature, and pH, and was sensitive to Na+ and guanine nucleotides. Optimal binding required protease inhibitors, and pretreatment of the tumor homogenates with trypsin markedly reduced [3H]-[Met5]enkephalin binding, suggesting that the binding site was proteinaceous in character. Displacement experiments indicated that [Met5]enkephalin was the most potent displacer of [3H]-[Met5]enkephalin; other ligands selective for mu, delta, kappa, epsilon, and sigma were not highly competitive. Given the functional significance of [Met5]enkephalin as a potent regulator of normal and abnormal growth, and that the receptor recognized by [Met5]enkephalin does not resemble any previously described, the present study has demonstrated the presence of a new opioid receptor termed zeta (zeta) (from the Greek 'Zoe', life) related to the proliferation of cells and tissues.
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PMID:Characterization of zeta (zeta): a new opioid receptor involved in growth. 253 84

Choline acetyltransferase (Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6, abbreviated ChAT), the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, abbreviated AChE) are expressed in a human cholinergic neuroblastoma cell line, MC-IXC. We have shown that ChAT activity can be regulated in culture by retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, and by sodium butyrate, an organic fatty acid. Optimal concentrations of these agents produce 4.3-fold and 1.6-fold increases in ChAT activity, respectively. The effects of retinoic acid are statistically significant after 24 h, whereas for sodium butyrate significant differences are seen only after 48 h. Since retinoic acid stimulation of ChAT activity was reversed only by trypsin treatment and not by removal of retinoic acid from the medium, this suggests that this agent may be acting at the level of the cell surface. Other differentiating conditions, such as culture in serum-free medium or addition of 1-2% dimethylsulfoxide did not increase ChAT activity. Acetylcholinesterase activity was shown to increase only in the presence of sodium butyrate, suggesting that retinoic acid and sodium butyrate may be acting via different pathways. Retinoic acid and sodium butyrate both seem to be permissive rather than instructive in regulating ChAT activity in that they are unable to induce ChAT expression de novo in cell lines which do not already express ChAT activity.
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PMID:Stimulation of choline acetyltransferase activity by retinoic acid and sodium butyrate in a cultured human neuroblastoma. 292 23

Optimal monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy requires the identification of tumor-restricted cell surface antigens. We have identified and partially characterized 5 new monoclonal antibodies generated against malignant astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and melanoma which were used to define 5 neuroectodermal tumor antigenic systems. CNT/1 identifies a 57-kDa, heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive neuroblastoma surface antigen, which is expressed intracellularly in many malignant gliomas, medulloblastomas, ependymomas, breast and ovarian carcinomas. CNT/2 reacts with a 130-kDa, heat-labile, trypsin- and neuraminidase-resistant antigen restricted to low-grade astrocytomas and malignant gliomas. CNT/11 reacts with a 70-kDa, heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive antigen coded for by a gene on chromosome 12, and is restricted to astrocytomas, neuroblastomas and sarcomas. CNT/8 identifies a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive antigen whose gene has been localized to chromosome 15 and is expressed by neuroectodermal and mesodermally derived tumors and few epithelial cancers. The B2.6 antigen is identified only in terms of serologic reactivity with a subset of cultured astrocytomas and melanomas. Neuroectodermal tumor-associated antigens may be categorized as lineage-consistent, lineage-independent and putatively tumor-restricted in their expression. These restricted antibodies may be potentially useful reagents to consider for monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy of CNS neoplasms.
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PMID:Five novel cell surface antigens of CNS neoplasms. 292 43

The biodistribution of 3F8, and IgG3 murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific for the disialoganglioside GD2, was studied in nude mice xenografted with human neuroblastoma (NB). 3F8 conjugated to radioactive iodine and injected intravenously localized selectively to seven human NB when compared with Ewing's sarcoma and Hela cell xenograft controls. Uptake in NB was shown to be specific for MoAb 3F8 when contrasted with pooled mouse IgG or irrelevant IgG3 MoAb controls. Both small (50 mg) and large tumors greater than 2 g) showed radiolocalization. The percent injected dose uptake per gram tumor ranged from 8 to 50% and was inversely correlated with tumor size. Optimal tumor to normal tissue ratios were reached by 24-48 hr. There was no abnormal uptake in the reticuloendothelial system and the MoAb did not cross the blood-brain barrier. Based on the kinetics of the amount of radioactivity deposited in tissues, the relative radiation dose to normal organs was estimated to be 1% to 20% of the tumor dose. The MoAb 3F8 is useful for targeting radioactivity to human NB in vivo and the nude mice xenograft model may allow optimization of parameters that influence such biodistribution.
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PMID:Targeting of ganglioside GD2 monoclonal antibody to neuroblastoma. 365 11

Two neuroblastoma cell lines established from tumor tissue taken from one individual are described. The first of these was established from a bone marrow aspirate (RT-BM) and the other from a right axillary lymph node (RT-LN) of a 1-yr 2-mo-old patient with Stage IV disease. The original lines were cloned in soft agar to yield six clones of the bone marrow-derived line (RT-BM 1-6) and 12 of the lymph node line (RT-LN 1-12). Chromosomal analysis of the original lines and clones showed they all have either identical or very similar karyotypes, with a deletion of chromosome 1p. Transmission electron microscopy indicates all contain neurosecretory (dense core) granules and neurotubules. In addition catecholamine metabolites of dopamine and noradrenaline have been identified. Different growth characteristics of the lymph node and bone marrow lines have been identified. RT-LN lines grow in a single cell layer with neurite processes, whereas bone marrow-derived lines form focal aggregates with neurite processes. In addition the colony-plating efficiency of the lymph node-derived lines is higher than those derived from bone marrow. Comparison of the cell surface antigen profile of the original tumor tissue, parent lines, and clones demonstrates they all bind seven of a panel of nine monoclonal antibodies. The expression of these antigens has remained stable in vitro for 25 passages undertaken over a 2-yr period. The definition of antigens that are expressed on the membranes of neuroblastoma cells in a stable form can aid in the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma from other "small round cell tumors of childhood" and hopefully contribute to a greater understanding of the biology of this highly malignant tumor.
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PMID:Identical expression of cell surface membrane antigens on two parent and eighteen cloned cell lines derived from two different neuroblastoma metastases of the same patient. 373 Nov 24

Thirty-nine patients with esthesioneuroblastoma are reviewed. The presentation of the tumor, symptomatology, investigation, and treatment are discussed. A recommended treatment regimen is outlined. Histologic typing is valueless in predicting tumor behavior. An illustrative and difficult case of recurrent base of skull esthesioneuroblastoma is presented. The resection performed is described, and the problem of extradural oropharyngeal communication is discussed. The solution was to use a temporalis and galeal frontalis flap. Reconstruction was with an external and intraoral prosthesis. Optimal treatment in a fresh lesion is radical surgery with or without radiation therapy. Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare and often misdiagnosed malignant tumor of the olfactory epithelium. Originally described by Bergen et al. in 1924 as "esthesioneuroepithelioma olfactif," it was introduced into the North American literature by Schall and Lineback in 1951. Since then, fewer than 200 cases have been collected. The various terms used to describe it--olfactory esthesioneuroblastoma, esthesioneurocytoma, and olfactory neuroblastoma--all denote origin from the neural crest. The sensory nerves of smell are short bundles of fibers that originate in the olfactory bulb and pass through the cribriform plate to the olfactory area of the nasal mucosa. This mucosa is located in the most superior part of both nasal fossae. Thus the usual primary sites of occurrence include the superior nasal cavity or nasal septum, and turbinates, the ethmoid, or the cribriform plate, although an extranasal site of origin has been suggested. Symptoms are usually progressive and range from nasal obstruction or epistaxis to diplopia, ocular pain, and headaches in the more advanced disease state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Esthesioneuroblastoma: treatment of skull-base recurrence. 402 92


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