Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

N-Nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) is a potent liver carcinogen in rats when administered orally. NMOR was found in the atmosphere at working places in the rubber industry in concentrations up to several hundred micrograms/m3. It can be assumed that NMOR inhalation may play a role in human carcinogenesis. Therefore an inhalation study was carried out to evaluate the carcinogenic potency of NMOR vapors in rats and hamsters. The concentration of volatile NMOR in the inhalation chamber was continuously determined with a Thermal Energy Analyzer. The rats received 29 administrations (4th/day, 5 days/week; mean inhaled daily dose: 130 micrograms/animal; total dose: 15 mg/kg bodyweight). The hamsters inhaled a total of 38 mg/kg of NMOR (21 applications, daily dose 260 micrograms/animal). In rats 4 carcinomas and 5 neoplastic nodules of the liver, 1 neuroblastoma and 1 mucoepidermoidal carcinoma of the nose, and 1 carcinoma of the thyroid gland were induced. In treated hamsters 4 carcinomas of the liver, 2 neurogenic sarcomas of the nasal region, and 5 papillomas of the trachea were found. None of these tumors were observed in control rats and control hamsters.
 ...
PMID:Inhalation carcinogenesis of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) in rats and hamsters. 210 36

The dramatic progress observed in the survival of children treated for cancer in the last two decades due to the use of aggressive chemotherapy and radiotherapy has brought an increased incidence of second malignant tumors. Five clinical cases of second malignant neoplasms after a period of six months to seventeen years after diagnosis are presented. The second tumors observed were: one patient with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the orbit after treatment bilateral retinoblastoma; one patient with multifocal osteosarcoma after cerebelli medullo-blastoma; one patient with Ewing's sarcoma of the fibula after neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland; one case of carcinoma of the thyroid gland after osteosarcoma of the femur and one patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after been treated of osteosarcoma of the femur. The genetic, immunologic and therapeutic risk factors are reviewed and analyzed.
 ...
PMID:[Second tumors in pediatric oncologic patients. Report of 5 cases]. 756 49

The following review aims to provide contemporary information on therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures in paediatric malignancies. Neuroblastoma is the most common paediatric extra cranial solid cancer characterized by meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) avidity in >/=90% of patients. There exists approximately a 30-year experience with I-131-mIBG treatment. Ongoing efforts include a more standardized approach including dosimetric data for patient selection and treatment guidance of I-131-mIBG therapy. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are very rare neoplasms in the paediatric population accounting for <1% of all paediatric malignancies. These neoplasms are characterized by the presence of neuroamine uptake mechanisms and/or peptide receptors at the cell membrane. These features constitute the basis of the clinical use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumour in children usually treated with chemotherapy and surgery. In palliative situations bone seeking radionuclide therapies (strontium-89 [Sr-89], rhenium-186 hydroxyethylene diphosphonate [Rh-186 HEDP] and Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid [Sm-153-EDTMP]) may be offered to patients with painful metastatic osteosarcoma or in case of recurrent bone sites inaccessible to local therapies (surgery, external irradiation). Thyroid cancer is a rare childhood malignancy with an approximate incidence of 0.54 per 100000 per year but is the most frequent tumour of endocrine glands in children and adolescents. Management includes radioiodine therapy but there are some distinct differences in comparison to adult thyroid cancer management.
 ...
PMID:Therapeutic nuclear medicine in pediatric malignancy. 2082 9

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, and targeted approaches to treat it pose considerable interest. In this study, we report the discovery of ALK gene mutations in thyroid cancer that may rationalize clinical evaluation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors in this setting. In undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), we identified two novel point mutations, C3592T and G3602A, in exon 23 of the ALK gene, with a prevalence of 11.11%, but found no mutations in the matched normal tissues or in well-differentiated thyroid cancers. These two mutations, resulting in L1198F and G1201E amino acid changes, respectively, both reside within the ALK tyrosine kinase domain where they dramatically increased tyrosine kinase activities. Similarly, these mutations heightened the ability of ALK to activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways in established mouse cells. Further investigations showed that these two ALK mutants strongly promoted cell focus formation, anchorage-independent growth, and cell invasion. Similar oncogenic properties were observed in the neuroblastoma-associated ALK mutants K1062M and F1174L but not in wild-type ALK. Overall, our results reveal two novel gain-of-function mutations of ALK in certain ATCs, and they suggest efforts to clinically evaluate the use of ALK kinase inhibitors to treat patients who harbor ATCs with these mutations.
 ...
PMID:Anaplastic thyroid cancers harbor novel oncogenic mutations of the ALK gene. 2159 19

The primary indication of fine-needle aspiration cytology of the head and neck region is a thyroid nodule or a mass located in the cervical area or the head. Although a thyroid nodule may raise the suspicion of malignancy, less than one in 20 cases results in a carcinoma. In addition, the list of differential diagnoses is quite different according to the age of the patient. A number of benign lesions, such as branchial cysts, sialadenosis, and sialoadenitis are often seen in childhood and youth. The malignant lesions that are on the top of the list of a pediatric mass of the head and neck (H&N) region include rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. This critical review of the diagnostic features of a pediatric mass of the H&N region is accompanied by panels of several cytology features that may be of help to the cytopathologist and clinician.
 ...
PMID:Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Neck Masses in Childhood. An Illustrative Approach. 2969 May 56