Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In normal conditions, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is histochemically demonstrable only in neurons and cells of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system. This has been found not to be true for neoplastic cells. Several types of CNS tumors, including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, pineocytoma , meningioma, and choroid plexus papilloma, focally stained positively for NSE. Reactive astrocytes were also frequently positive. In the peripheral nervous system, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and paraganglioma stained positively for NSE. A number of non-APUD tumors were focally positive. These included schwannoma, carcinoma and fibroadenoma of the breast, renal cell carcinoma, giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath, and chordoma. Caution should be exercised in relying on the immunohistochemical demonstration of NSE as a diagnostic marker in those tumors that do not belong to the APUD cell system. It seems of little value as evidence of differentiation in CNS tumors.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase in neoplasms of the CNS and other tissues. 654 18

A number of neural and nonneural tumor cell lines of rat and human origin were assayed for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) by radioimmunoassay. Most neural tumor cell lines had appreciably higher levels of NSE than did the nonneural tumor cell lines, the highest levels being found in two anaplastic rat glioma lines ( F98 and T24). These two lines contained more than twice the amount of NSE found in a rat pheochromocytoma line (PC12) and in neuroblastoma lines derived from rats ( B35 and B50 ) or humans (IMR-32 and SHSY - 5Y ). Several of the rat glioma and schwannoma lines were inoculated intracerebrally into syngeneic rats. In the resulting tumors, NSE was demonstrable by immunohistochemistry only in those from the F98 and T24 cell lines. A number of ethylnitrosourea-induced rat tumors were also examined immunohistochemically for NSE: NSE was demonstrated in three anaplastic gliomas; three astrocytomas; and two mixed gliomas. Reactive astrocytes were also positive. Fibroadenomas of apocrine and mammary glands in rats were weakly positive, but other extraneural tumors tested were negative. Since normal neuronal elements, axonal swellings, and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells are strongly positive for NSE, whereas glia and most other normal cells are negative, we hypothesize that the elevated metabolic demands imposed on neoplastic and reactive glial cells and on some extraneural tumors necessitate the opening up of metabolic pathways that are normally operative only in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, therefore resulting in the synthesis of the more stable neuron-specific form of enolase.
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PMID:Immunoradiometric and immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase in experimental rat gliomas. 672 96

Spinal tumors are not very frequent; they represent 8-15% of the tumors of the central nervous system. In adulthood, more than a half of them are intradural extramedullary tumors; the most frequent oncotype is neurinoma, followed by meningioma. The frequency of astrocytomas of the spine is comparable with that of the brain, taking into account the different weights of the two organs; on the contrary, the frequency of ependymomas is higher than in the brain. In childhood, spinal tumors are quite infrequent . Some oncotypes are typical of infancy: neuroblastoma, teratoma, sarcoma. The pathological peculiarities of some oncotypes due to the spinal location are discussed.
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PMID:[Epidemiology and pathology of spinal tumors]. 672 79

A case of heterochromia iridis and Horner's syndrome is reported in a 7-year old girl with paravertebral neurilemmoma. These clinical findings can be useful in the early diagnosis of mediastinal tumors in the paravertebral axis. While typically associated with neuroblastoma, these findings can be due to tumors which are inately benign--in this case neurilemmoma. The mechanism for heterochromia is briefly discussed.
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PMID:Heterochromia iridis and Horner's syndrome due to paravertebral neurilemmoma. 682 13

The nude mouse human tumor-bearing system is a useful model for studying the efficacy of new drugs against human tumors. A panel of six selected human tumor heterotransplants was used to assess the activity of m-AMSA. No effect was seen against malignant schwannoma, malignant lymphoma, liposarcoma, neuroblastoma, or malignant melanoma. A testicular carcinoma appeared to respond to m-AMSA: however, statistical evaluation demonstrated that this was not significant. No evidence was found to support the use of m-AMSA as a sensitizing agent for radiation.
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PMID:Evaluation of 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA, NSC 249992) on human tumors in nude mice. 689 75

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used for the description of experimental brain tumors in rat. To validate this approach, diffusion-weighted images (DWI) were compared with native T1- and T2-weighted images, and with T1-weighted images following contrast enhancement with the tumor-specific contrast agent manganese (III) tetraphenylporphine sulfonate (MnTPPS). Three tumor types were studied: F98 glioma, RN6 Schwannoma, and E376 neuroblastoma. On heavily diffusion-weighted images, all three tumor types as well as the peritumoral edema were clearly hypointense with respect to the intact brain tissue. T2-weighted images presented mainly peritumoral edema as hyperintense region. A clear demarcation of the tumor was possible only on T1-weighted images after contrast enhancement with MnTPPS. The difference in signal intensity between tumor and homotopic regions in the contralateral hemisphere was comparable in DWIs and in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Spatial comparison of depicted lesion areas in all three imaging modalities indicated that hypointense region on DWI represents both tumor and edema but does not permit their spatial differentiation.
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PMID:Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of experimental brain tumors in rats. 760 Jan 72

The in vivo relaxation times T1 and T2 were quantitatively determined in rat brain. Animals with implanted experimental brain tumors were investigated for discrimination of pathological regions from normal brain structures based on relaxation time differences. The different cerebral tumors (glioma, schwannoma, neuroblastoma) showed no difference in relaxation times, but all tumors had T1(1301 +/- 167 ms) and T2(91 +/- 9 ms) times distinctly longer than normal brain (T1: 1057 +/- 77 ms; T2: 77 +/- 6 ms). T1 can be used for distinction of tumor and edema from normal brain, while T2 is the better parameter for discrimination between tumor and edema. Furthermore, the effect of MRI contrast agents (GdDTPA, MnTPPS, GdTPPS) on the relaxation times of these experimental brain tumors was measured. The enhancement of tumors produced by GdDTPA disappeared within ten minutes after i.p. application. At later times, central cysts and peritumoral edema became the most enhanced structures. The enhancement of tumor following MnTPPS application remained unchanged in T1-weighted images during the whole observation period of four days. A significant reduction of enhancement was not observed during this time. The effect of MnTPPS on T2 was weak. Replacement of manganese with gadolinium as the central ion of the porphyrin TPPS led to a contrast agent with enhancement effects on both, T1- and T2-weighted images.
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PMID:Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of rat brain tumors: in vivo NMR relaxometry for the discrimination of normal and pathological tissues. 784 9

Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded neoplasms was performed to elucidate the characteristics of bovine nervous-tissue tumours. In case 1 (peripheral neuroblastoma), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common neuroblastomas, because similar features are observed in human malignant neuroepitheliomas. The neoplastic cells in case 2 (ganglioneuroblastoma) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 (anaplastic ganglioglioma) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and GFAP positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The tumours of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to calves. In case 4 (schwannoma), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 (neurofibroma). These two tumours were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of peripheral neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, anaplastic ganglioglioma, schwannoma and neurofibroma in cattle. 796 22

The detection of brain tumors using standard techniques of qualitative, relaxation-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires the application of contrast agents. We investigated whether or not it is possible to use diffusion-weighted MRI to localize tumors without contrast enhancement. Three different experimental rat brain tumors were studied: F98 glioma, RN6 Schwannoma and E376 neuroblastoma. We found a marked hypointensity in the region of the tumor and edema in heavily diffusion-weighted images, which corresponded well with the histological presentation. Quantitative maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) allowed a better localization of the tumor than that obtained by regional presentation of T2 times, particularly under conditions in which peritumoral edema was absent. The ADC differences of the three tumor types were statistically not significant. Based upon regions-of-interest evaluations, tumor could be distinguished from peritumoral edema and normal brain tissue. However, a sharp demarcation between tumor and peritumoral edema was not possible, and this is attributed to a similar enlargement of interstitial space. It was concluded that diffusion-weighted MRI possesses a high potential for the detection of brain tumors but does not allow precise demarcation of the tumor border.
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PMID:Quantitative diffusion MR imaging of cerebral tumor and edema. 797 85

Malignant schwannomas are rare neoplasms that are seldom found in the head and neck. Few cases have been reported involving paranasal sinuses and none of them was of the "epithelioid" type. In this report, an unusual case of epithelioid malignant schwannoma involving the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity and orbit is presented. The patient was a 27-year-old male with a history of headache, nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Histologically, the tumour had a biphasic pattern with spindle and epithelioid elements which led to a differential diagnosis with malignant melanoma. It had also to be distinguished from other neoplasms, such as squamous cell carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma because of it location. Immunohistochemical positivity for S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin together with negativity for HMB-45 and cytokeratins, as well as mesaxon formation detected with electron microscopy were conclusive in the diagnosis. The patient was treated with surgical excision and radiotherapy but local recurrence and metastases occurred, and he died within 1 year after initial diagnosis.
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PMID:Malignant sinonasal epithelioid schwannoma. 811 30


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