Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027819 (neuroblastoma)
 27,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experience has shown that markers created in research laboratories can be adapted to everyday surgical pathology practice for malignant melanomas. These studies are feasible and readily conducted on frozen tissue as is routinely done in typing of lymphoma. The demonstration of heterogeneity using this monoclonal antibody panel, and other antibodies yet to come, may be important for prognostication. Tumor cell heterogeneity of surface antigens reflects disruption of the tumor cell's patterned gene expression. This should be regarded as an indication of different clones of cells (subsets) with a tumor, whether primary or secondary. It is entirely possible that autologous immune cells can kill or at least restrict the growth of subsets of melanoma cells having certain surface antigenic phenotypes while they are incompetent to handle other subsets. This would enable a particular phenotype within a primary melanoma to survive and escape the immunologic regression known to occur in 3 to 6 percent of these tumors. Such patients may present years later with metastases in the brain, liver, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or lymph nodes. There are also implications in chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy for melanoma in this regard. It could be theorized that these agents may dispose of or restrict the growth of some phenotypes, leaving others in a resistant state. Perhaps the MDR gene is activated. Alternatively a tumor suppressor gene(s) could be absent or inactivated, as in neuroblastoma and carcinoma of the breast and lung. Markers present at the cell membrane surfaces and in the membranes themselves constitute an important field for study in the understanding of tumorigenesis. Many of these markers are present in embryos as early as the 4-to-8-cell stage and in blastocysts. Embryonic antigens in the intercell mass of blastocysts are stage-specific embryonic antigens. They are signals for organ development and the differentiation of cells. At various stages of this development, these markers disappear, especially upon differentiation into tissue types and specific organs. These cell signals are therefore organogenesis markers. Detecting a given antigen is not simple because it may be present but not immunohistochemically detectable because glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or sulfation have not taken place, or have resulted in a structural conformation not recognized by monoclonal antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunohistochemical phenotyping of malignant melanoma. A procedure whose time has come in pathology practice. 220 65

The data on 26 patients with solitary metastatic lesions arising in cortical bone were studied. Nineteen patients were over 50 years of age. In 19 patients, the cortical metastasis was the first indication of the presence of a primary malignant condition. In seven cases, cortical metastases developed in patients with a known primary tumor. The primary tumors involved were eight renal cell carcinomas, six bronchogenic carcinomas, two carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, one osteosarcoma, one neuroblastoma, one melanoma, one hepatoma, one carcinoma of the breast, and one thyroid carcinoma. In four cases, the primary tumor remained unknown. A metastatic origin should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an osteolytic lesion arising in the cortex of a long bone, especially in older patients and in patients with a known primary malignant condition. The cortical bone metastases encountered in this study did not originate solely from bronchogenic carcinoma, as has been reported by other authors. Cortical metastases are probably less rare than has been hitherto assumed.
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PMID:Cortical bone metastases. 317 2

The monoclonal islet cell antibody HISL-19 was generated after immunization of BALB/c mice with human islet cell preparations. Besides reactivity with all cells of the human pancreatic islet, MAb HISL-19 also reacted with other cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system, including anterior pituitary cells, C cells of the thyroid, endocrine cells of the gut and bronchus, the adrenal medulla, and central and peripheral neurons. In this study the authors screened a series of 53 neuroendocrine and 71 nonneuroendocrine tumors for their reactivity with MAb HISL-19 using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed and Paraplast-embedded sections. MAb HISL-19 reacted strongly with all insulomas (10), carcinoids (8), C-cell carcinomas of the thyroid (8), pituitary adenomas (6), neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (4), paragangliomas of the carotid body (3), and pheochromocytomas (2) tested. Neuroblastomas (3), oat-cell carcinomas of the lung (2), and melanomas (4) exhibited only very few immunoreactive cells scattered throughout the tumor or remained unstained with MAb HISL-19. With the exception of one lobular carcinoma of the breast (1/3), one adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (1/4), and one adenocarcinoma of the stomach (1/6), nonneuroendocrine tumors were negative with MAb HISL-19. Biochemical findings obtained by SDS-PAGE, "Western" immunoblotting, immunoaffinity chromatography, and absorption experiments indicate that the MAb HISL-19-defined antigen is not related to neuron specific enolase. Because the epitope recognized by MAb HISL-19 is well preserved in formalin-fixed and routinely processed tissues, this monoclonal antibody finds potential applications in diagnostic pathology as an indicator for neuroendocrine cells and their neoplasms.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody HISL-19 as an immunocytochemical probe for neuroendocrine differentiation. Its application in diagnostic pathology. 351 56

Data from the annual survey on transplant activity 1997, collected from 457 transplant teams in 31 European countries by the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) were used to describe current status and to assess relative and absolute changes in indication, donor type and stem cell source compared to 1991. A total of 16950 patients were reported to have a first blood or marrow transplant in 1997, a total of 18 923 procedures, including re- and double transplants were performed. Of the 16950 first transplants, 4751 (28%) were allogeneic, 12199 (72%) autologous transplants. Of the autologous transplants, 829 (7%) were bone marrow derived, 11370 (93%) from peripheral blood stem cells or combined bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplants. Of the allogeneic transplants, 3311 (70%) were bone marrow, 1440 (30%) were peripheral blood stem cell transplants. In 1991, the respective figures were 2175 allogeneic (44%) and 2786 (56%) autologous transplants, more than 90% of the autologous, all allogeneic transplants bone marrow derived. Main indications in 1997 were leukemias with 5253 transplants (31%), 70% allogeneic; lymphomas with 6773 transplants (40%), 94% autologous; solid tumors with 4154 transplants (24%), 99% autologous; non-malignant disorders with 770 transplants (5 %), 85 % allogeneic. There was an absolute increase of 11971 transplants since 1991. An increase was observed in all disease categories. Marked differences were found, when the relative increase index (RII) for specific disease categories over time was analyzed. In allogeneic transplants, relatively more transplants were performed in 1997 for acute myeloid leukemia beyond 1st complete remission (RII 1.28), myelodysplastic syndromes (RII 1.58), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (RII 1.33) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RII 1.58). For autologous transplant indications, a high relative increase index was observed in myelodysplastic syndromes (RII 3.77), in multiple myeloma (RII 2.12) and carcinoma of the breast (RII 6.37) with a relative decrease in leukemias (RII 0.39) and certain solid tumors such as glioma (RII 0.27) and neuroblastoma (RII 0.46). These data present the current status of blood and marrow transplantation in Europe. They show the change from bone marrow to blood as stem cell source and highlight shifts in indication. They provide a basis for patient counselling and health care planning.
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PMID:Blood and marrow transplantation activity in Europe 1997. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). 1045 92

Forty-two enucleated eyes of 42 patients with unilateral retinoblastoma were studied histologically, including histochemically examination with anti-nm23 polyclonal antibody which does not recognise cDNA but its product. Primary tumours of >15 mm diameter with less evidence of apoptosis and with the most pleomorphic and anaplastic nuclei were associated with an increased risk of distant metastasis, but rosette formation did not discriminate. A high intensity of nm23 staining also indicated a tendency to metastasize, consistent with childhood neuroblastoma but in contrast to findings in carcinoma of the breast, colon and uterine cervix.
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PMID:Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (nm23 protein) expression in retinoblastoma. 1075 38