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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Small cell (endocrine cell) carcinoma of the gallbladder in a 62-year-old woman is reported. The palliative cholecystectomy specimen revealed a submucosally invading tumor with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. At autopsy, performed five months after surgery, a huge tumor measuring 14 x 12 x 8 cm was located at the liver hilus. No signs or symptoms related to overproduction of hormones were recorded throughout her illness. Neither lung lesions nor gall stones were identified. Histologically, diffuse proliferation of small, spindle-shaped atypical tumor cells with numerous mitoses was evident. Intraepithelial tumor cell proliferation in the gallbladder mucosa was seen focally. The neuroendocrine nature of the tumor cells was confirmed by the histologic pattern of growth with pseudo-rosette formation, positive reaction for Grimelius' argyrophilia, neuron-specific enolase and Leu 7, and ultrastructural demonstration of neuroendocrine-type granules. Immunostaining for a variety of hormones was all negative. Characteristically, foci with squamous and adenocarcinomatous differentiation were identified in the tumor tissue. The glandular components were immunoreactive for carcinoembryonic antigen, secretory component, epithelial membrane antigen and CA19-9. The histogenesis and totipotentiality of the neoplasm were discussed.
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PMID:Small cell (endocrine cell) carcinoma of the gallbladder with squamous and adenocarcinomatous components. 131 6

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is the most sensitive and specific tumor marker for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). We evaluated a new monoclonal IRMA (Sangtec) for NSE and compared it with a polyclonal RIA (Pharmacia) in patients with SCLC or other lung cancers (NSCLC). We measured NSE concentrations in 100 healthy subjects (NI group), 100 patients with benign pulmonary diseases (BPD group), and 194 patients with advanced lung cancer (97 SCLC and 97 NSCLC). Intra- and interassay CVs were less than 7% for both assays, and dose-dilution curves paralleled their respective standard curves. Values measured by both assays were highly correlated in all groups. NSE concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower by IRMA than by RIA in NI and BPD groups. The upper 95th percentile values for NSE in the NI group were 11.7 micrograms/L in the RIA and 9.2 micrograms/L in the IRMA. In NSCLC, the values were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower by IRMA but the percentage of subjects with increased values was higher (vs the NI group, 31% for RIA and 44% for IRMA, P less than 0.005). Diagnostic sensitivity for SCLC was improved with IRMA: 83% of values with RIA and 93% with IRMA were increased above the NI group values (P less than 0.005); the corresponding values for SCLC vs BPD were 81% and 89% (P less than 0.05). NSE values measured in 39 patients with SCLC after chemotherapy were more often increased and were significantly higher with the IRMA than with the RIA (P less than 0.005).
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PMID:Monoclonal immunoradiometric assay and polyclonal radioimmunoassay compared for measuring neuron-specific enolase in patients with lung cancer. 131 45

This review addresses means for improving treatment results in small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. In small cell lung cancer lactate dehydrogenase and neuron-specific enolase seem to be important prognostic factors that may reflect not only tumor load but also growth rate. Chemotherapy seems to induce or select differentiated cells in small cell lung cancer, which focuses attention on other treatment modalities such as drugs, which can induce terminally differentiated nonproliferating cells. Scheduling of chemotherapy may improve survival, especially in extensive disease patients. Exciting new techniques for tumor targeting by a radiolabelled somatostatin-analogue and radiolabelled murine anti-epidermal growth factor are reported. The possible adverse effect of heterologous blood transfusions on survival after surgery of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer remains a very important subject for investigation to solve the essential question whether the need for transfusion or the transfusion itself is the adverse prognostic factor. A possible improvement of survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients by chemotherapy should be investigated in patients with an excellent performance score and a small tumor load, eg, stage IIIa and IIIb patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in such patients may improve survival but a better and especially more uniform design of the trials is urgently needed. Finally, the development of techniques to palliate terminally ill patients quickly and easily by reopening a closed bronchial lumen should be encouraged.
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PMID:Therapy for small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. 131 20

A case of primary small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is reported. The light-microscopic diagnosis was supported by immunoreactivity for HISL-19 (marker for peptide-hormone-producing cells) and for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), demonstrating the neuroendocrine differentiation of this rare bladder tumor. Serum NSE, which was significantly elevated, can be a marker for disease extent and response to therapy.
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PMID:Primary small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Report of a case with immunohistochemical analyses. 131 81

Numerous studies on the local rate of energy metabolism of various brain regions during development and following experimental manipulation have been conducted using 2-deoxyglucose uptake and cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry, both considered to be reliable indicators of long-term and short-term alterations in neuronal activity, respectively. Another method which has been related to neuronal activity is neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunohistochemistry. An isoenzyme of enolase, a key element in the glycolytic pathway, NSE is present in neurons and neural-related cells e.g. neuroendocrine cells, pituicytes, and many tumor cells, but not in glia. The distribution on adjacent tissue sections of immunoreactive NSE and histochemically determined CO were mapped in the rat mesencephalon and adrenal medulla. Both methods showed highly restricted localization of staining which coincided with few exceptions in the most reactive areas, namely the superior colliculus, medial and lateral geniculate nuclei, red nucleus, lateral mammillary nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars lateralis and pars reticulata. Immunoreactivity of varying intensity for NSE was also observed in perikarya and in processes of numerous scattered neurons throughout the mesencephalon, including the substantia nigra pars compacta, and reticular formation. The general correspondence in staining patterns between CO and NSE in the midbrain, supports the utility of NSE as a useful index of metabolic activity in neurons.
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PMID:Neuron-specific enolase reflects metabolic activity in mesencephalic neurons of the rat. 131 69

A case of malignant islet-cell tumor with oncocytic features occurring in a 54-year-old woman with symptoms of organic hypoglycemia is reported. The tumor was composed of ribbons of cells arranged in an endocrine pattern. The cytoplasm of these cells was eosinophilic and finely granular. Ultrastructurally, the cells contained numerous mitochondria and dense-core neurosecretory granules. Tumor cells were focally immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase, insulin, glucagon and VIP. Capillaries invasion and metastases to lymph nodes argued in favor of malignancy but there was no subsequent malignant involvement during a 3-year follow-up after surgery. Such insulinomas with oncocytic features have not been previously described. Endocrine features in oncocytomas of the pancreas and of other locations are discussed.
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PMID:Malignant pancreatic oncocytoma. An unusual cause of organic hypoglycemia. 132 Jun 40

Patients with retinoblastoma have an increased risk of developing second primary tumors. Only a few examples of sinonasal small cell neoplasms developing after radiation therapy for retinoblastoma have been reported. We report one such case that developed 18 years after treatment for retinoblastoma. Histologic examination revealed a small, blue, round cell tumor without rosettes or cytoplasmic glycogen. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and S-100 protein, but negative for epithelial and mesenchymal markers, suggesting that this was a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Cytogenetic studies of this tumor failed to reveal the chromosome 13 abnormality typical of retinoblastoma and the t(11:22) translocation typical of the group of peripheral neuroepitheliomas.
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PMID:Sinonasal small cell neoplasm developing after radiation therapy for retinoblastoma: an immunohistologic, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic study. 132 60

Tumor tissue located in the occipital lobe with hemorrhage was obtained from a 19-year-old patient. Histological examination indicated it to consist of undifferentiated small, round cells without neuronal or glial differentiation, and possibly to be a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor cells were cultured for 3 years and a continuous cell line (KK-2) was established. KK-2 was transplantable to nude mice. With immunocytochemistry, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, vimentin, TUJ1 (a monoclonal antibody specific for neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype) and 6H7 (a monoclonal antibody to NCAM produced by us) were detected. None of the following could be found: glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, somatostatin, chromogranin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. The original tumor and KK-2 cells obtained after 3 years of culture and transplants in nude mice displayed essentially the same ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics. KK-2 cells showed no differentiation to mature neuronal, glial or ependymal cells. This cell line may possibly serve as a useful model for studying cellular differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors and normal neuronal development.
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PMID:A continuous cell line (KK-2) from a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 132 7

A 63-year-old man developed gradually progressive bilateral loss of vision, cerebellar ataxia, and downbeat nystagmus. Visual acuity was 20/400 OD and 20/200 OS, with cecocentral scotomas OU. Fundus examination showed bilateral optic atrophy and a vitreous cellular reaction. MRI of the brain was normal. CSF protein was elevated, with increased IgG levels but no malignant cells. Biopsy of a pulmonary lymph node showed undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. Neoplastic cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase. Serum contained IgG, which reacted with neuronal and glial cytoplasm and processes. IgG reactivity with systemic tissues and the patient's tumor was not different from that observed with control sera. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy should be considered in patients with unexplained visual loss and malignancy, and our observations suggest a possible immunologic basis for this condition.
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PMID:Optic neuropathy: a rare paraneoplastic syndrome. 132 6

A cell line expressing neuroendocrine (NE) markers, designated as KTS9, was established from a human large cell carcinoma of the lung using serum-free medium, ACL-3. KTS9 cells showed morphological characteristics of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (LCUC) and expressed some general NE markers including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), synaptophysin and neurofilaments (NF) of 200 kd. Some cells of this cell line were positive to chromogranin-A (CG-A), but did not express Leu7 or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Such a cell line derived from LCUC with NE properties has not previously been reported. The biological and NE properties of the KTS9 cell line were compared with those of 2 surgical cases of LCUC with NE markers and of the KTA7 cell line previously reported to derive from large cell carcinoma and to possess NE markers such as alpha-hCG, PGP9.5 N-CAM and AADC. Tumor cells of 2 large cell carcinomas expressed NSE, PGP9.5, N-CAM and NF. The KTS9 and KTA7 cell lines and 2 large cell carcinomas were thus considered to be LCUCs with NE differentiation. Both lines had the morphological characteristics of LCUC, relatively short doubling time and discordant expression of NE markers, indicating them to be closely related to the variant type of small cell carcinoma cell lines and thus possibly to represent high-grade malignancy. They may be useful for examining the biological behavior and NE features of large cell-type NE tumors of the lung.
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PMID:Pulmonary large cell carcinoma expressing neuroendocrine markers: the morphological, biological, and neuroendocrine features of their cell lines and surgical cases. 133 Oct 3


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