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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Animal models suggest a role for new vessel formation (angiogenesis) in tumours with metastatic potential, and there is some evidence that this is true for human tumours. What is needed is a sensitive and specific label for endothelial cells, and one candidate would be a monoclonal antibody to platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM). We have counted microvessels in 103 primary breast cancers using the JC70 antibody to PECAM (or CD31). We compared our findings with various pathological indicators (lymph node status and tumour grade, size, and type and markers (oestrogen receptor, and c-erbB-2 expression and detection of mutant p53). Tumours showed significantly higher vascularisation than normal breast tissue and the number of blood vessels/mm2 was significantly associated with node metastasis. Only 2 out of 50 tumours with 99 vessel/mm2 or less were node positive whereas 31 out of 39 tumours with counts above 140/mm2 were positive (p < 0.0001). Tumour size and grade also correlated with node metastasis and vascularisation also increased with the size of the primary and with poor differentiation. However, within each subgroup of size or differentiation tumours without node involvement had much lower vascular counts, and multivariate analysis showed that vascular count alone explains the association of size and grade with node metastasis. Other markers, conventional or novel, did not correlate with vascularisation. Even with the short follow-up in this series, vascular counts correlated with early death. These results suggest that angiogenesis is closely linked to metastasis, that it is acquired at a critical density of vessels, and that this process occurs as tumours enlarge or become more poorly differentiated. Counting of newly formed microvessels stained with endothelium-specific antibodies may prove to be a useful tool in the early detection of metastatic potential and in the selection of patients for whom anti-angiogenesis drugs might be beneficial.
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PMID:Angiogenesis, assessed by platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as indicator of node metastases and survival in breast cancer. 127 32

Using flow cytometry (FCM), we have investigated both the DNA content (stained with propidium iodide) and HER-2/neu oncogene expression (revealed by means of an anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody) in neoplastic and non-neoplastic kidney samples from 20 patients with renal cell carcinoma. All the non-neoplastic samples and 15/20 (75%) renal cell cancers showed diploid modal DNA content while the remaining 5 neoplastic sample (25%) showed both diploid and hyperdiploid cell populations. In normal kidney the level of HER-2/neu oncoprotein was low (median fluorescence values in arbitrary units = 7.5 AU, range: 4-10 AU). In diploid renal cancers the level of HER-2/neu was slightly increased (median fluorescence values = 20 AU, range: 9.5-30 AU) (p < .005). The relationship of HER-2/neu expression to the cell cycle in these tumor samples is not clear since most of the cells express the antigen in all phases of the cell cycle. On the other hand, there is an association between HER-2/neu expression and abnormal DNA content suggesting that aneuploid pattern may be biologically related to overexpression of the HER-2/neu gene.
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PMID:HER-2/neu oncogene expression and DNA ploidy in normal human kidney and renal cell carcinoma. 128 Oct 10

The occurrence of ERBB-2 (HER-2/NEU) oncogene amplification was studied in 203 DNA samples obtained from 175 cancer patients. Amplification of ERBB-2 oncogene was established in 14 out of 63 (22%) patients with breast cancer, 1 out of 23 cases of ovarian tumor, 1 out of 19 cases of large bowel cancer and 1 out of 27 patients with cancer of the thyroid. Patients with lung cancer (34), soft tissue sarcoma (6) and malignant melanoma (3) failed to reveal any changes in the above oncogene. A tendency was established for ERBB-2 oncogene amplification to be associated with lymph node involvement in female patients with breast cancer: amplification was observed in 9 out of 28 patients presenting with lymph node metastases and only in 5 out of 29 metastases-free cases. To summarize, ERBB-2 oncogene is fairly often activated in human tumors but a high occurrence of the gene amplification was observed in female patients with breast cancer only.
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PMID:[The search for amplification of the ERBB-2 oncogene in human tumors]. 130 Jul 65

The etiology of cancer is a complex interplay of various factors, including genetic alterations. Multiple studies have been carried out to identify and characterize mutations that frequently occur during tumorigenesis. In human breast cancer, amplification of proto-oncogenes (c-myc, c-erbB-2/neu) and chromosome 11q13, mutation of p53 and loss of heterozygosity (chromosomes 1, 3p, 6q, 7q, 11p, 13q, 16q, 17, 18q and 22q) represent the major types of genetic abnormalities that have been frequently observed in tumor DNAs. The genetic deletions and mutations could inactivate tumor-suppressor genes. In some studies, specific alterations have been associated with some clinical parameters. Recently, linkage analyses, on large families with a predisposition to breast cancer, have been performed to map putative breast cancer susceptibility genes. The survey of high risk patients should be organised to make an earlier diagnosis.
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PMID:[Molecular analysis of breast cancers: recent developments]. 130 32

Overexpression of the c-erbB-2/neu protooncogene has recently been shown in ovarian tumors collected from the United States. It is known that environmental and cultural factors may contribute to certain types of cancer, therefore, we examined expression of c-erbB-2/neu in ovarian tumors collected from China by immunohistochemical staining. Out of 81 tumor specimens, 57 (70.4%) were found to be immunopositive, whereas only one out of 17 (5.9%) normal ovarian tissue samples was slightly positive. Our results indicate that overexpression of c-erbB-2/neu is a general phenomenon for ovarian cancer regardless of different population. To search for a c-erbB/neu overexpressing cell line for future study on molecular mechanism, we also analyzed 13 cancer cell lines from the female genital tract for expression of c-erbB-2/neu. The c-erbB-2/neu RNA was found to be overexpressed at least 100-fold in one of the four ovarian cancer cell lines examined. An aberrant c-erbB-2/neu RNA was also found to be overexpressed in this cell line. Southern blot analysis indicated that the c-erbB-2/neu was amplified 2-4-fold in this line, and some of these alleles have structural alteration which may account for expression of the aberrant c-erbB-2/neu RNA. Since the 2-4-fold gene amplification is not proportional to the greater than 100-fold overexpression in RNA, other mechanisms such as transcriptional or posttranscriptional control must be involved in overexpression of this gene in ovarian cancer.
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PMID:Aberrant expression of the c-erbB-2/neu protooncogene in ovarian cancer. 134 99

The expression of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes has been assessed in a series of 74 primary human breast carcinomas using an immunohistochemical method. GST pi was detected in sections from all 74 tumours; it was expressed by non-epithelial (stromal and inflammatory) cells in 62 tumours (84 per cent), but by tumour epithelium in only 35 (47 per cent). Non-neoplastic mammary epithelium was uniformly positive for GST pi. Expression of GST alpha and mu was observed in 19 and 42 per cent of the tumours, respectively, and was largely confined to the neoplastic component. Lack of staining of tumour epithelium for GST pi was significantly associated with poorer tumour differentiation (higher grade). There was no association between expression of any of the three isoenzymes and either menopausal status or expression of c-erbB-2 oncogene protein product. Immunohistochemistry is a useful method for the investigation of expression and cellular localization of GSTs within tumours; such data are needed to improve our understanding of the role of these enzymes in neoplasia and in resistance to cytotoxic drug therapy.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of glutathione S-transferases in primary human breast carcinomas. 134 80

To develop an efficient strategy for the targeting of anti-tumor effector cells, we prepared bispecific antibody (BsAb) containing anti-CD3 and an anti-c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene product. The prepared BsAb specifically reacts with both c-erbB-2-positive tumor cells and CD3+ CTL. Human CD4+ helper/killer T cells, induced from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells by activation with immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) plus IL-2, showed no significant cytotoxicity against tumor cells. However, treatment of human CD4+ helper/killer cells with the BsAb caused the induction of specific cytotoxicity against c-erbB-2-positive tumor cells. CD4+ helper/killer cells also produced significant amounts of IL-2 during co-culture with c-erbB-2-positive tumor cells in the presence of the BsAb. Moreover, by combination with the BsAb, CD4+ helper/killer cells showed a strong in vivo anti-tumor effect against c-erbB-2 transfectant or human colon-cancer cells implanted in nude mice. Our results strongly suggest that the c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene product on human tumor cells may be a good target for BsAb-directed adoptive tumor immunotherapy.
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PMID:Human c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene product as a target for bispecific-antibody-directed adoptive tumor immunotherapy. 134 16

The expressions of epidermal growth factors (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), and the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein were immunohistochemically examined in 25 cases of human pancreatic carcinoma and epineoplastic pancreatitis and in 10 non-cancerous/non-inflammatory pancreatic tissues. The positive rates of EGF, EGFR, and the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in cancer tissues were 72%, 36%, and 28%, respectively. EGF was stained mainly in the cytoplasm and partly on the surfaces of the cancer cells. EGFR and the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein were stained mainly on the surfaces of the cancer cells and partly in the cytoplasm. The expressions of these 3 products correlated significantly with tumor invasion into the anterior and posterior areas surrounding the pancreas. In the EGF, EGFR, and c-erbB-2 positive cancer tissues, some stromal cells, that is fibroblasts and endothelial cells, were also positive. In the adjacent pancreatic tissues with inflammation, these products were noted in some ductal cells, acinar cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. No distinct staining was detected in non-cancerous/non-inflammatory tissues. The survival period for patients who tested positive for these three proteins was statistically shorter than for those who tested negative. These results suggest that the coexpression of EGF and EGFR and the expression of the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein are related to the existence of the invasion of human pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical examination of these three products is useful in forming a prognosis for pancreatic cancer patients.
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PMID:The immunohistochemical expressions of epidermal growth factors, epidermal growth factor receptors and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in human pancreatic cancer. 134 73

The association of c-erbB-2 gene amplification product (p185) with histologic tumor type in 100 patients with primary breast cancer was determined. In 49 patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma p185 detection was correlated with histologic findings (tumor grade, lymphnode status, receptor status). Strong positive staining for p185 protein was found in 10 patients (20%) with infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma and correlated with complete negative estrogen/progesterone receptor status and with histologic grade G3. There was neither an association with lymphnode involvement nor was there any to negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status alone. At present, we cannot say whether or not there is a correlation between the degree of c-erbB-2 gene amplification and prognosis. Follow-up studies are necessary to determine whether c-erbB-2 gene amplification allows definition of a specific subset of women who could benefit from adjuvant therapy.
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PMID:Correlation of c-erbB-2 protein expression with histologic grade, lymph node involvement and steroid receptor status in human breast tumors. 134 86

The HER-2/neu oncogene encodes a Mr 185,000 transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein which is overexpressed in 25-35% of breast and ovarian neoplasms and portends a poor prognosis. We have studied the feasibility of targeting this oncoprotein, designated p185, with radioiodinated murine monoclonal antibodies (muMABs) 4D5 and 7C2, which recognize distinct epitopes on its extracellular domain. The rates of internalization and catabolism of these antibodies were analyzed by cellular radioimmunoassay and electron microscopy. After binding to NIH3T3 HER-2/neu cells, which show high surface expression of p185, the muMABs were endocytosed via coated pits, routed to lysosomes, and degraded. Approximately 44% of 125I-4D5 and 39% of 125I-7C2 were catabolized by tumor cells after 24 h. The biodistribution of radiolabeled 4D5 and 7C2 were evaluated in beige/nude mice bearing s.c. NIH3T3 HER-2/neu grafts. A high specificity of localization was seen with tumor:organ ratios of activity generally ranging from 5:1 to 30:1. However, the percentage injected dose of radioactivity per gram of tumor declined sharply from 25% at 24 h to 5% at 120 h postinjection. Treating the animals with 400-700 muCi 131I-4D5 caused a marked inhibition of tumor growth, although no mice were cured. Unlabeled 4D5 had no effect on tumor progression in this model, but administering 400-700 muCi of 131I-DA4-4, an isotype-matched irrelevant muMAB, resulted in an intermediate degree of growth retardation. Analysis of kinetic blood data and whole-body time-activity curves indicated that the irrelevant conjugate remained in the body 2-3 times longer than 131I-4D5. Radioiodinated anti-HER-2/neu muMABs are attractive agents for radioimmunodiagnosis and radioimmunotherapy of aggressive HER-2/neu-positive breast and ovarian carcinomas, but effective strategies for retarding intratumoral catabolism may be necessary to optimize their clinical utility.
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PMID:Radiolabeled antibody targeting of the HER-2/neu oncoprotein. 134 16


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