Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endocrine disturbances have been studied in 4 children with neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen, aged 5.0-10.5 years. Hypothalamic precocious puberty was seen in three boys; growth hormone deficiency was diagnosed in a girl. After TRH stimulation one boy and the girl showed a diminished TSH-response. Another boy showed a relatively high basal level of TSH and an elevated TSH-response to TRH. All children were euthyroid. Two boys had a hyperprolactinemia even under basal conditions; the one with elevated TSH-response showed an excessive response of prolactin as well. In all our patients a suprasellar tumor caused the endocrine disorders described.
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PMID:[Endocrine disorders in children with neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)]. 10 38

Among 74 histochemically and ultrastructurally studied pituitary adenomas, 12 apparently chromophobe tumors were characterized by the presence of numerous argyrophil cells. All these argyrophil adenomas failed to reveal presence of GH, prolactin or ACTH cells. Two tumors were found to consist of well granulated cells reacting intensely with anti-TSH antibodies and resembling TSH cells of the normal pituitary. The remaining argyrophil adenomas did not show TSH immunostaining and, with one exception, failed to react with an anti-HCG serum staining gonadotroph cells of human pituitary. They were composed of small, closely apposed cells with small compact or vesicular granules. These tumor cells seem to correspond to some small argyrophil cells found in non-neoplastic pituitary, which differ from TSH cells and from all other types of functionally identified adenohypophyseal cells.
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PMID:Argyrophil pituitary tumors showing TSH cells or small granule cells. 15 28

Pituitary adenomas should be classified not only by their tinctorial affinities but also by their degree of differentiation. Then useful correlation to the clinical data can be obtained; On this principle our own collection of 299 tumors was classified in undifferentiated acidophilic, highly differentiated acidophilic GH cell-, highly differentiated acidophilic prolactin cell-adenomas, in undifferentiated mucoid cell-, highly differentiated mucoid ACTH cell-, highly differentiated mucoid TSH cell-adenomas, in chromophobic adenomas of small cell type and of large cell type, and in oncocytic adenomas. 95% of the cases with acromegaly based on undifferentiated acidophilic or highly differentiated GH cell adenomas. All patients with hypothalamic-hypophyseal Cushing's syndrome or Nelson's syndrome had undifferentiated mucoid cell adenomas or highly differentiated ACTH cell adenomas. In cases with hyperprolactinemia prolactin cell adenomas or chromophobic adenomas of large cell type with ultrastructurally demonstrated very highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum or endocrinologically inactive chromophobic adenomas of small cell type were found. In the latter cases the prolactin is probably produced not by the tumor but by the surrounding tumor-free pituitary tissue.
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PMID:[Morphological classification of pituitary adenomas and its value for clinical diagnosis]. 20 6

The concentration of hepatic nuclear T3 receptors was measured in isolated nuclei from athyreotic mice bearing thyrotrophic tumors and intact rats with Walker 256 carcinoma. Receptor concentration was reduced in all tumor-bearing animals. The mean receptor capacity of the Walker tumor-bearing rats [0.31 +/- 0.05 (SEM) ng/mg DNA] was significantly decreased from simultaneously assayed controls (0.47 +/- 0.04 ng/mg DNA; P less than 0.01). No change in the apparent equilibrium association constant was observed. In individual rats, the magnitude of the decrease in nuclear T3 receptor concentration was highly correlated with the decrease in tumor-free body weight. Additional studies showed that the decrease in nuclear receptors was not due to delayed equilibration of added T3 with nuclear sites in vitro or to an increase in endogenous hepatic T3 concentration. The plasma concentration of total and free T4 and T3 was decreased in tumor-bearing rats. Plasma TSH concentration, however, remained unchanged. Thus, these transplantable neoplasms seem to be associated with decreased hepatic nuclear receptors and low concentrations of plasma thyroid hormones. The unchanged plasma TSH suggests that the animals remained euthyroid.
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PMID:Decreased hepatic nuclear L-triiodothyronine receptors in rats and mice bearing transplantable neoplasms. 21 7

An 8-month old male with Cushing's disease is presented; his clinical presentation and appearance were typical of infants with glucocorticoid excess. Concentrations of cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and adrenal androgens were strikingly elevated. High doses of dexamethasone did not suppress the excretion of urinary free cortisol or 17-hydroxycorticoids, and administration of ACTH elicited no further rise in plasma cortisol. Responses of LH, FSH, and PRL to iv LRF and TRF were appropriate for age, but neither TSH nor ACTH rose significantly. Plasma ACTH values were elevated to 700 pg/ml. An intracranial mass lesion superior and anterior to the sella turcica was demonstrated by computerized axial tomography and angiography. An inoperable pituitary adenoma was a massive surrounding fibroblastic reaction was found at craniotomy. The pathological diagnosis of an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by the in vitro secretion of ACTH by cells cultured from the tumor.
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PMID:An infant with Cushing's disease due to an adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary adenoma. 22 23

Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from bovine and mouse pituitaries and a mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor was translated in a wheat germ cell-free biosynthetic system. A precursor of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, "pre-alpha," was immunoprecipitated from the translation mixtures with antiserum against bovine luteinizing hormone (LH; lutropin) alpha. The specificity of the immunoprecipitation was shown by competition with authentic bovine LHalpha and lack of competition with bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) beta. Bovine and mouse pre-alpha subunits migrated identically in sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient polyacrylamide slab gels with an apparent molecular weight of about 17,000. Pre-alpha comprised 2-3% and 20-30% of the total proteins translated with pituitary and pituitary tumor mRNA, respectively. Microanalysis of amino acid sequence of the pre-alpha subunits containing various radiolabeled amino acids gave the following partial sequence for mouse tumor pre-alpha: [Formula: see text] Met was also found in positions 1, 14, and 17 in mouse pituitary pre-alpha but only in residue 1 of the bovine pituitary pre-alpha subunit. Leu was found in identical positions in bovine pituitary pre-alpha, with an additional Leu in position 17. Leu in the common positions (12, 15, 19, and 22) has also been found in human choriogonadotropin pre-alpha subunit [Birken, S., Fetherston, J., Desmond, J., Canfield, R. & Boime, I. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 1247-1253]. The data demonstrate that pituitary as well as placental glycoprotein hormone alpha subunits are synthesized with an amino-terminal hydrophobic extension, in accord with the "signal hypothesis" for secreted proteins. Furthermore, the positions of the hydrophobic amino acid Leu have been strictly conserved in pre-alpha subunits from various species and in two different tissues, the pituitary and placenta.
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PMID:Comparison of bovine and mouse pituitary glycoprotein hormone pre-alpha subunits synthesized in vitro. 29 99

The structural features of 26 spontaneous pituitary tumors in aging female Long-Evans rats have been investigated by different morphologic techniques including immunoperoxidase staining and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, the tumors corresponded to chromophobic-sparsely granulated acidophilic adenomas, containing numerous pigment granules and showing congestion as well as focal hemorrhages. Positive cytoplasmic staining was obtained with Herlant's erythrosin as well as with Brookes' carmoisine methods, used to detect secretory granules of prolactin cells. Immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive prolactin in the cytoplasm of many adenoma cells. Growth hormone and TSH immuno-stainings were negative. By electron microscopy, the tumors were found to consist of prolactin cells exhibiting marked variability in subcellular morphology and differing considerably from non-tumorous resting prolactin cells. A decrease in size and number of secretory granules, proliferation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, formation of "Nebenkerne", accumulation of free ribosomes, prominence of Golgi complex and the presence of misplaced exocytosis were characteristic features of the adenoma cells and were interpreted as indicating enhanced secretory activity. Crinophagy and transformation of secretory granules into pigment deposits were striking findings in many adenomas. Since all the adenomas seemed to derive from prolactin cells and belong to the same tumor class, it is assumed that prolactin cells in female Long-Evans rats are more susceptible to oncogenic stimuli than other hypophysial cell types.
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PMID:Spontaneous pituitary adenomas in aging rats. A light microscopic, immunocytological and fine structural study. 33 31

A controversy exists in regard to thyroid function and breast cancer. Hypothyroidism has been suggested as being either protective from breast cancer or predisposing to the disease. It has been hypothesized that a deficiency in circulating thyroid hormones may hypersensitize the mammary glandular epithelium toward prolactin and estrogens, thus aiding the development of breast neoplasia. On the other hand, thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been connected with an increased risk of breast cancer, but this has been contested. At this time the American Thyroid Association recommends that, if indicated, hypothyroid patients should take their thyroid hormone medication. Hyperthyroidism has been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Also, in hyperthyroid patients with inoperable breast cancer, the malignant growth is thought to be slowed. However, this, too has been disputed. Moreover, hyperthyroidism has been connected with the development of breast cancer in premenopausal women. At present no role of thyroid hormone in the pathobiology of breast cancer can be defined. It seems that the "thyroid-breast cancer controversy" can only be resolved by a prospective study preferably on postmenopausal women correlating thyroid (T3, T4, PBI), pituitary (TSH, TRH, Prolactin), and adrenocortical (androgens) function tests with the clinical examination of thyroid, breast, and genital apparatus and determination of the estrogen status (vaginal smear, plasma estrogens) as well.
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PMID:Thyroid disease in relation to breast cancer. 36 55

The well differentiated thyroid carcinomas are uncommon but are increasing in frequency. This increase may be related to the recognition that even low doses of irradiation to the thyroid may be carcinogenic with a latency period of 10, 20 or more years to clinical tumor expression. Although unproven for human cancers, elevated TSH levels will enhance irradiation-associated tumor development in animal models. Currently, a large portion of the population is at an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer because of head and neck irradiation received from 1920 to 1950 for various benign conditions or more recently for the treatment of lymphoma or carcinoma. Whether these individuals should receive thyroid hormone suppression of TSH is not known but careful yearly evaluation is essential followed by open surgical biopsy chould a nodule develop. Treatment of the well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is controversial due to a lack of adequate long-term, controlled trials. Based on current data, it is the author's opinion that surgery should in most cases be followed with radioactive iodine ablation of all remaining tissue which can concentrate iodine followed by lifelong thyroid hormone replacement sufficient to correct hypothyroidism and suppress thyroid stimulating hormone. All patients require close follow-up with examination and, possibly, imaging for 20 or more years.
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PMID:Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: epidemiology, etiology and treatment. 39 Oct 42

Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the thyroid, in contrast to papillary-follicular carcinoma, fails to concentrate iodine and thus has not been treated with radioactive iodine. We have successfully treated a 16-yr-old Mexican-American girl with residual MC after maximal thyroidectomy (Tx), utilizing radioiodine (131I) to deliver radiation to residual follicular cells in the tumor bed. Immediately after Tx, plasma thyrocalcitonin levels before and during calcium infusion were all elevated (640--1200 pg/ml). 131I (150 mCi) was administered 12 days after Tx after four daily im injections of bovine TSH. Three months after 131I therapy, thyrocalcitonin levels before and during calcium infusion were all normal (less than 50 pg/ml). Ten months after 131I therapy, thyrocalcitonin levels before and after iv pentagastrin were all normal (less than 60 pg/ml). These results suggest that parafollicular cells are radiosensitive, and that therapeutic levels of radiation can be delivered to these cells after Tx if iodine trapping by the remaining follicular cells is enhanced by high levels of circulating TSH. 131I may be the therapy of choice for MC after Tx, if disease has not spread beyond the area proximate to the thyroid gland.
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PMID:Radioiodine in the treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. 42 97


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