Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a 10-year interval, 189 patients, comprised of 121 females and 68 males ranging in age from 1 to 98 years, were surgically treated for nonmalignant neck masses. Nonmalignant neck masses were located in the thyroid or submaxillary gland in 60 per cent of these patients. Thyroid adenoma, reactive cervical nodes, and mixed tumor of the submaxillary salivary glands represented the three most commonly occurring nonmalignant pathologic conditions in this series. When stratified by age and sex, thyroid abnormalities, specifically thyroid adenoma, occurred most often in females of all ages. In males, reactive nodes were usually seen before 40 years of age; thereafter, tumors of the submaxillary salivary gland predominated. Most studies of nonmalignant neck masses indicate that reactive nodes are the most common condition in patients of all ages. Thyroid conditions were seen most frequently in this group of patients. The probable explanation is a tertiary referral pattern to surgeons. Patients with nonsurgical conditions were, presumably, identified and managed earlier and not referred further, and therefore did not appear in this group of patients.
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PMID:Anatomic location and variety of nonmalignant neck masses seen in surgical practice. 164 15

In order to assess the localization and physiologic redistribution of Golgi enzymes within mouse thyrotrophs, we studied the carbohydrate processing of TSH subunits in the presence of brefeldin A (BFA). Although this drug clearly causes endoglycosidase (endo) H-sensitive species to accumulate in most cell types, our purpose was to determine whether or not endoglycosidase H-resistant forms of free alpha-subunits and TSH subunits eventually accumulated in small but significant amounts within mouse thyrotrophic tumor cells or pituitary thyrotrophs incubated with BFA. This drug is known to block intracellular transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to the proximal Golgi. Stimulated thyrotrophs have been reported to have some Golgi enzymes active in their dilated RER. Accumulation of endo H-resistant forms in the presence of BFA might be explained by (1) drug-induced enhancement of Golgi to RER membrane recycling with further aberrant distribution of Golgi enzymes or (2) an uncharacteristic trapping of glycoproteins within Golgi elements that might be an unusual action of BFA peculiar to thyrotrophs. Free alpha-subunits and TSH were labeled in mouse thyrotrophic tumor tissue or pituitaries incubated in pulse-chase fashion with [35S]methionine in the absence or presence of BFA, carboxyl cyanide m-chlorophylhydrazone (CCCP), or swainsonine. The results in tumor and pituitary tissue were similar. In incubations without drugs, most TSH subunits (greater than 90%) became endo H-resistant after 5-h chase, and the majority (greater than 85%) were secreted. Doses of CCCP and BFA were selected that generally blocked the secretion of TSH subunits by greater than 85% (in some cases greater than 99%), presumably because of accumulation of secretory proteins in the RER. Yet, in the presence of CCCP, 35% and 42% of intracellular free alpha-subunits and TSH subunits, respectively, became endo H-resistant at 5 h chase. Compared to control incubations, intracellular subunits tended to remain endo H-sensitive in the presence of BFA, yet, compared to CCCP incubations, BFA slightly enhanced the attainment of endo H-resistance by free alpha-subunits and TSH subunits to 55% and 52%, respectively. Pretreatment of tumor tissue with BFA allowed more endo H-resistant species to appear, even during coincubation with CCCP. These data suggest that Golgi enzymes cycle back to the dilated RER of active thyrotrophs and that this phenomenon is enhanced by BFA.
Thyroid 1991
PMID:Processing to endoglycosidase H-resistant thyrotropin subunits occurs in the presence of brefeldin-A: evidence favoring the recycling of Golgi membranes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in mouse thyrotrophs. 182 66

Tumor-promoting phorbol esters, e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), inhibit TSH-stimulated iodide organification in vitro implying a role for protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of differentiated thyroid function. To further explore the PKC dependence of this action of TPA, we studied the effects of PKC inhibition and downregulation on phorbol-mediated differentiated thyroid function in vitro. In addition, the effects of the nonphorbol PKC activator, phospholipase C (PLC) were studied. TPA (100 nM) inhibited TSH-stimulated iodide organification in cultured porcine thyroid cells by over 95% and caused PKC translocation in vitro. Exogenous PLC (1 U/mL) could mimic these effects of TPA. The PKC inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7) inhibited TSH-stimulated iodide organification at concentrations exceeding 10 microM. However, partial recovery of phorbol- and PLC-inhibited iodide organification was seen in the presence of identical concentrations of H7. H7 had no effect on PKC translocation in porcine thyroid cell extracts. After 24 h of TPA treatment to induce PKC downregulation, no recovery of TSH-stimulated iodide organification was observed, suggesting that the effects of TPA were irreversible. These studies indicate that the effects of TPA and PLC on differentiated thyroid function are mediated, at least in part, by PKC. These findings provide further evidence for a role for PKC in the regulation of differentiated thyroid function.
Thyroid 1991
PMID:Phorbol ester and phospholipase C-mediated differentiated thyroid function in vitro: the effects of protein kinase C inhibition and downregulation. 182 67

mRNAs were isolated from 2 patients suffering from a familial form of a rare variant of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC), called mixed follicular and medullary carcinoma. The presence of calcitonin (CT) and thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNAs was checked by northern and in situ hybridization and compared with immunohistochemical results. In each case, mRNAs hybridizing to probes specific for CT and Tg were detected. Both proteins were quantified by radioimmunoassay determination in tissue extracts. Patient 1 had 20 ng Tg and 68 ng CT per micrograms total protein, and patient 2 had 0.4 ng Tg and 1.7 ng CT per micrograms total protein. Northern analysis showed that mixed carcinoma expressed several species of both CT mRNAs and Tg mRNAs. The main Tg transcripts present in neoplastic cells (8.5 and 4.8 kb for patient 1 and patient 2) were identical to or smaller than those of normal thyroid tissue (8.5 kb). The tumor CT mRNA (1 kb) was identical to that of normal tissue. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of CT and Tg mRNA in the great majority of tumor cells. Furthermore, the presence of small amounts of organified iodine was evidenced by analytical ion microscopy in 35% of these cells. This raises an important question regarding the histogenesis of this tumor.
Thyroid 1991
PMID:Study of calcitonin and thyroglobulin gene expression in human mixed follicular and medullary thyroid carcinoma. 182 40

Between April 1982 and December 1988, we performed 611 fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies in 502 patients with solitary thyroid nodules. The biopsy results were classified as follows: unsatisfactory, 19%; benign, 53%; suspicious, 23%; and malignant, 5%. Malignant lesions were found at surgery in 24 of 25 patients with malignant cytology and 31 of 68 patients with suspicious cytology. Autonomous nodules, obviating the need for surgery, were detected in 5 of 36 (14%) patients with cytology suspicious for follicular neoplasm. We conclude that FNA biopsy of the thyroid nodule is a safe and accurate diagnostic test. Thyroid scintigraphy remains useful in patients with cytologic results suspicious for follicular neoplasm. A cost-effective strategy for managing thyroid nodules is presented.
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PMID:Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. 187 95

A 24-year-old housewife presented with weight gain of about 30 kg, constipation and pitting edema of extremity nine years after having a thyroidectomy. Hormonal examination revealed low levels of serum T3 and T4 and high levels of serum TSH and PRL. She also had enlarged pituitary gland (pituitary hyperplasia) with suprasellar extension on CT and MRI image. Thyroid replacement therapy and follow-up by MRI were performed without resort to surgery, because she had no visual disturbance. Within about 1 month after thyroid replacement therapy, serum TSH and PRL were normalized. And also thyroid function was normalized by thyronine (T3). Following this results, pituitary hyperplasia regression was seen on MRI image. About 1 year after thyroid replacement therapy, pituitary hyperplasia regression was more seen on MRI image. Prolonged hypothyroidism can result in hypertrophy of the pituitary thyrotropin-secreting cells and prolactin secreting cells. So, it can increase pituitary weight (pituitary hyperplasia). Radiological examination, abnormal sellar x-ray films suggesting intrasellar tumor are common in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Suprasellar extension of pituitary mass (pituitary hyperplasia) due to hypothyroidism was reported by radiological examination (PEG, CT and MRI image), and regression of pituitary hyperplasia was revealed by radiological examination after thyroid replacement therapy. The first choice of this type of pituitary hyperplasia is thyroid replacement therapy unless the patient has a visual disturbance. However, if this replacement therapy is not effective for diminution of the tumor, surgical removal of the tumor should be considered.
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PMID:[A case of pseudo-TSH.PRL-producing pituitary adenoma with secondary hypothyroidism]. 187 88

Thyroid hormones (T3) and their receptors (TR) play a critical role in the function of the pituitary gland, particularly in thyrotropes, where they regulate expression of the alpha- and beta-subunits of TSH. Since the pituitary gland is composed of several cell types, we undertook a characterization of TR subtypes in a murine thyrotropic tumor (TtT-97), an excellent model in which to study thyroid hormone action in thyrotropes. We screened a thyrotrope cDNA library with rat TR alpha 1 and TR beta 1 cDNA probes and isolated cDNAs encoding the mouse TR alpha 1 and TR beta 1 isoforms as well as a partial clone corresponding to the non-T3 binding carboxy-terminal alpha 2 variant. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify additional cDNAs for the specific 5' domains of the mouse TR beta 1 and the pituitary-specific TR beta 2 amino-terminal variant. Using hybridization probes that discriminate between the alpha and beta isoforms and their variants, we demonstrated that thyrotropes contain TR alpha 1 and alpha 2 mRNAs as well as transcripts encoding Rev-erbA, which arise by transcription from the opposite strand of the TR alpha gene. In thyrotropes, the ratio of alpha 2 to TR alpha 1 mRNA levels more closely resembled the distribution in mouse brain than that in heart, where the mRNA levels of TR alpha 1 and alpha 2 are comparable. TR beta 1 and TR beta 2 mRNAs were detected in thyrotropes and were of similar size (approximately 6.4 kilobases). Despite the almost complete conservation between the rat and mouse TR beta 1 sequences at the protein level, the mouse and rat TR beta 2-specific N-terminal domains were less conserved, and the mouse protein was shorter by 39 amino acids at the N-terminus. Of the receptor species, only the mRNA encoding the TR beta 2 isoform, which was restricted to thyrotropes, was decreased by T3 treatment, although the mRNA for the alpha 2 variant was also reduced by T3 in thyrotropes and heart tissue. Levels of TR beta 1 mRNA were not changed in liver, but were increased in thyrotropic tumors and also somewhat in brain, an organ that is not responsive to T3 by classical criteria.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of mouse complementary DNAs encoding alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors from thyrotrope cells: the mouse pituitary-specific beta 2 isoform differs at the amino terminus from the corresponding species from rat pituitary tumor cells. 194 3

Two cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma were reported. Endocrinological and immunohistochemical features of these cases were described and problems in diagnosis and treatment of the rare disease are discussed. [case 1] A 28 year-old woman suffered from hyperthyroidism with a relatively high value of serum TSH (T3; 350 ng/dl, T4; 10.0 micrograms/dl, TSH; 24.5 microU/ml). She was treated with antithyroid drug and then underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. Although the levels of serum T3 and T4 were lowered to within normal range, the level of serum TSH still remained high. One month later, she developed frontal headache, amenorrhea and bitemporal hemianopsia. A CT scan showed an enhanced mass in the sellar and suprasellar region. Preoperative endocrinological studies showed elevated values of TSH (47 microU/ml) and its alpha-subunit (9.0 ng/ml). The levels of both T3 (190 ng/dl) and T4 (10.0 micrograms/dl) were near the upper normal limit. Serum TSH was suppressed by administration of exogenous T3, but did not respond to exogenous TRH, l-Dopa nor bromocriptine. Under the diagnosis of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma, the patient was operated on by craniotomy and received local radiation therapy (50 Gy). In 1990, 12 years after the treatment, she is well and endocrinologically normal. Immunohistochemical study revealed that most tumor cells were positive for TSH. [case 2] A 28 year-old woman visited our hospital for examination of hyperthyroidism. Serum level of TSH was detectable (4.5 microU/ml). A CT scan performed at that time disclosed no pituitary tumor. Thyroid function was normalized by antithyroid drug, but the level of TSH was still high and progressively increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Two cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma; endocrinological, diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the disease]. 194

Thyroid tumors, salivary gland tumors, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are described. Psychosocial issues involving the geriatric patient are discussed. Case reports of a number of geriatric tumor patients are included.
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PMID:Nonsquamous tumors of the head and neck in the geriatric population. 207 86

Sequelae of the treatment of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) include multiple effects on the endocrine system, especially as it relates to growth and puberty. Thyroid dysfunction, and in particular, the occurrence of thyroid neoplasia, has been only rarely described. We report the development of benign thyroid neoplasms in two patients 9 years following the diagnosis and treatment of ALL. Both patients were clinically and biochemically euthyroid with noncystic "cold" nodules found on thyroid scan. In light of these observations, and along with previous reports of malignant thyroid neoplasia in children with ALL, long-term careful observation of children successfully treated for ALL is indicated.
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PMID:Thyroid adenoma following treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. 219 24


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