Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The enzymes that utilize H2O2 and lipoperoxides as well as the enzymes of the bioregeneration system glutathione and NADP+ have been examined for activity in the superficial and deep regions of DMBA-induced rat fibrosarcoma and the adjoining skeletal muscle. The activities shown by catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were 2-3 times higher and reduced glutathione levels were lower in the superficial than in deep areas. The high antioxidant potential of the tumor superficial areas is proposed to be due to the oxygen-dependent mechanisms by which macrophages and neutrophils select tumor cell clones by the given sign.
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PMID:[High activity of antioxidant enzymes in a tumor as a factor of "avoidance of control" in the immune system]. 249 12

The susceptibility of purified protein kinase C to oxidative inactivation by H2O2 was found to be increased by Ca2+ either alone at a high (5 mM) concentration or at a low (approximately 50 microM) concentration along with phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol and by tumor-promoting phorbol esters even in the absence of Ca2+. This suggested that the membrane-bound and/or catalytically active form of protein kinase C is relatively more susceptible to oxidative inactivation. Although both the regulatory and catalytic domains of protein kinase C were susceptible to oxidative inactivation, a selective modification of the regulatory domain was obtained under mild oxidative conditions by protecting the catalytic site with ATP/Mg2+. Under these conditions there was a loss of both phorbol ester binding and Ca2+/phospholipid-stimulated kinase activity. However, this modified form of enzyme exhibited an increase in Ca2+/phospholipid-independent kinase activity. This suggests that selective oxidative modification of the regulatory domain may negate the requirement for Ca2+ and lipids for activation. Treatment of intact C6 glioma or B16 melanoma cells with H2O2 resulted in a time- and temperature-dependent decrease in Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C activity along with a concomitant transient increase in an oxidatively modified isoform of protein kinase C that exhibited activity in the absence of Ca2+ and phospholipids. Since protein kinase C can initially be activated by mild oxidative modification and subsequently inactivated by further oxidation, this dual activation-inactivation of protein kinase C in response to H2O2 suggests an effective on/off signal mechanism to influence cellular events.
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PMID:Ca2+- and phospholipid-independent activation of protein kinase C by selective oxidative modification of the regulatory domain. 250 61

6-Hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) and Merocyanine-540(MC-540) have been used clinically for purging of neuroblastoma cells prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation. Both substances were found to be more toxic against neuroblastoma cells than against hematopoietic stem cells. The more pronounced cytotoxic effects of 6-OHDA against neuroblastoma cells were not caused by its selective uptake; the rapid autooxidation at physiological pH leads to the formation of H2O2 already in the incubation medium. Cytotoxic effects were not detected in short-time test systems (4 hour chromium-51 release assay) but only after longer incubation periods. In contrast, MC-540 proved to be toxic almost equally in short- and long-time test systems. 4-Hydroxynonenal(4-HNE) that may be formed in the plasma membrane subsequently to photoactivation of MC-540 was only slightly more toxic to neuroblastoma cells than to hematopoietic cells. Although the use of 6-OHDA and MC-540 in bone marrow purging has some limitations, the sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells against reactive oxygen compounds may be exploited more generally for therapy of this tumor.
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PMID:Cytotoxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine, merocyanine-540 and related compounds on human neuroblastoma and hematopoietic stem cells. 251 Oct 86

We investigated the characteristics of macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity (MTC) against Meth A target, H2O2 generation and release of effector molecule(s) for MTC, by comparing with those of peritoneal macrophages (PMP) and macrophage cell line J774.1 during stimulation with recombinant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). In PMP, MTC was demonstrated when they were stimulated with IFN-gamma for 12 hr (short-term stimulation) and was abrogated when they were stimulated for 48 hr (long-term stimulation). Enhanced H2O2 generation was observed in PMP activated by long-term stimulation followed by triggering with PMA, but not observed by triggering with Meth A cells. By contrast, whereas non-treated J774.1 cells have already attained a definite level of MTC, a higher MTC level was demonstrated both by short- and long-term stimulations. Conversely, J774.1 cells were unable to generate H2O2 at any stage of IFN-gamma stimulation followed by triggering both with PMA or Meth A cells. The time course for stimulation of PMP by IFN-gamma for release of cytotoxic factor (CF) corresponded to that for MTC by PMP, and activities of the CF released from both activated PMP and J774.1 cells also closely corresponded to those of MTC by both cells. The serological and physicochemical characteristics of CF released from both activated PMP and J774.1 cells were determined to be closely related to those of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These results indicate that in contrast to PMP, the J774.1 cell line is free from suppression stage for MTC and CF release during stimulation with IFN-gamma. The results suggest that TNF-like CF plays a crucial role for MTC against Meth A target, and that H2O2 is irrelevant for MTC against Meth A.
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PMID:Characteristics of macrophage activation by gamma interferon for tumor cytotoxicity in peritoneal macrophages and macrophage cell line J774.1. 251 28

Mechanisms for resistance were studied in three classic type, human small cell lung cancer cell lines, GLC14, GLC16, and GLC19, that were established from one patient during clinical follow-up. Clinically the tumor changed from sensitive (GLC14) to completely resistant to (chemo)therapy (GLC19) during this period. The stain with JSB-1 antibody, detecting the Mr 170,000 multidrug resistance associated glycoprotein, was most pronounced in GLC16 and absent in GLC19. Intracellular Adriamycin (Adr) concentrations were decreased in GLC16 and GLC19 versus GLC14. Glutathione levels were 12.9, 15.5, and 16.6 micrograms/mg protein; total sulfhydryl groups were 36.5, 45.7, and 48.8 micrograms/mg protein; and glutathione S-transferase activity was 13, 29, and 43 nmol I-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene/min/mg protein for GLC14, GLC16, and GLC19, respectively. Incubation with DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine increased Adr and cisplatin induced cytotoxicity, whereas X-ray induced cytotoxicity remained the same. Catalase activity increased from 0.88 to 1.73 to 3.83 mumol H2O2/min/mg protein in, respectively, GLC14, GLC16, and GLC19. Compared to GLC14 and GLC16, Adr induced a higher amount of DNA strand breaks in GLC19. In none of the three cell lines could Adr induced DNA strand breaks be repaired. X-ray induced a comparable amount of DNA strand breaks in all three cell lines but all cell lines were capable of repairing the X-ray induced DNA strand breaks within 90 min. It is concluded that a number of different mechanisms are operative and that some but not all of the observed changes in mechanisms for drug resistance in these lines correlate with the clinical data.
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PMID:Resistance mechanisms in three human small cell lung cancer cell lines established from one patient during clinical follow-up. 254 37

Tumorigenic and metastasizing activities (TGA; MA) and susceptibility, or resistance to H2O2 and PGE-releasing activity (H2O2R + PGEs+ phenotype) have been examined in 6 Syrian hamster embryo cell strains transformed in vitro with Rous sarcoma viruses (Schmidt-Ruppin and Prague strains). Early observations of extremely high level of TGA and even MA of RSV-SR-transformants never selected in vivo have been confirmed. The correspondence of these properties with a high level of expression of H2O2R + PGEs+ phenotype and its clustering character were demonstrated in 4 RSV-SR transformants, while significantly lower expression of all these characteristics, including TGA, was observed in 2 RSV-Prague transformants. High level of spontaneous MA was noticed in some RSV-SR transformants. A tumor cell line induced in vivo by RSV-SR did not differ from the cell strain transformed in vitro by RSV-SR. Inhibition of H2O2R + PGEs+ phenotype in one of RSV-SR transformants was obtained with non-toxic doses of BCNU and indomethacin, leading to a marked decrease of TGA.
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PMID:Clustering of discrete cell properties essential for tumorigenicity and metastasis. II. Studies of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. 255 9

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is known to interact in vitro with mononuclear phagocytes. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the steroid in macrophage activation in vivo. Peritoneal macrophages from normal and vitamin D3-deficient mice were obtained after i.p. injection of activating or eliciting agents. Cells obtained from vitamin D3-deficient mice exhibited defected capabilities to perform anti-tumor activities (cytostasis and cytolysis) and to form oxygen reduction products (H2O2 and O2-). On the other hand, the level of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase was unaffected by vitamin D3 deficiency. In vitro, incubation of macrophages with 1,25(OH)2D3 enhanced their anti-tumor activities, but did not affect the cells' capacity to produce H2O2 and O2-, or acid phosphatase. Our results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 is essential for macrophage activation in vivo. However, in vitro, the hormone is only partially capable of affecting the macrophage functions, probably because of the maturation state of the cells.
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PMID:Impaired macrophage activation in vitamin D3 deficiency: differential in vitro effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on mouse peritoneal macrophage functions. 258 14

Evidence has accumulated showing that active oxygen species participate in at least one stage of tumor promotion. Tumor promoters can induce various types of cells to undergo processes that result in formation of active oxygen species. They stimulate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to undergo an oxidative burst that is characterized by rapid formation of .O2- and H2O2. We find that in vitro formation of H2O2 by tumor promoter-activated PMNs correlates with their in vivo first-stage promoting activity. Moreover, two thymidine derivatives are formed in DNA coincubated with tumor promoter-stimulated PMNs: 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdU) and thymidine glycol (dTG). The amounts of HMdU and dTG formed correlate with the first-stage tumor-promoting potencies of the agents used for PMN stimulation and with the amount of H2O2 generated. We find that HMdU is also formed in the DNA of HeLa cells coincubated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-activated PMNs, with the amount of HMdU being proportional to that of TPA used. Even in the absence of PMNs, HMdU is increasingly formed in cellular DNA with increased TPA concentration, although at much lower levels than in the presence of PMNs. When rat liver microsomes are incubated with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a complete carcinogen, H2O2 is also generated. Production of H2O2 increases linearly with increasing concentrations of BaP. Furthermore, HMdU is formed in DNA exposed to BaP-treated microsomes, and its formation is inhibited by catalase. These results suggest that carcinogen-induced processes generating H2O2 are associated with the first-stage promoting activity of complete carcinogens.
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PMID:Oxidation of DNA bases by tumor promoter-activated processes. 266 84

Many tumor promoters are inflammatory agents that stimulate the formation of oxygen radicals (.O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in phagocytic neutrophils. The neutrophils use the oxygen radicals to kill bacteria, which are recognized by the cell membrane of phagocytic cells causing a signal to mount the oxygen response. The tumor promoter isolated from croton oil, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), mimics the signal, causing an oxygen radical release that is intended to kill bacteria; instead, it injures cells in the host. Oxygen radicals cause single strand breaks in DNA and modify DNA bases. These damaging reactions appear to be related to tumor promotion, as three types of chemopreventive agents, retinoids, onion oil, and protease inhibitors, suppress the induction of oxygen radicals in phagocytic neutrophils and suppress tumor promotion in skin cancer in mice. Protease inhibitors also suppress breast and colon cancers in mice. Protease inhibitors capable of inhibiting chymotrypsin show a greater suppression of the oxygen effect and are better suppressors of tumor promotion. In addition, oxygen radicals may be one of the many agents that cause activation of oncogenes. Since retinoids and protease inhibitors suppress the expression of the ras oncogene in NIH 3T3 cells, NIH 3T3 cells may serve as a relatively facile model for finding and measuring chemopreventive agents that interfere with the carcinogenic process.
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PMID:Protease inhibitors interfere with the necessary factors of carcinogenesis. 266 86

Iron overload is found clinically in such conditions as hemochromatosis and sideroblastic anemia, and after long term repeated transfusion in aplastic anemia. An animal model of iron overload was successfully developed in rats and rabbits by repeated intraperitoneal injections of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe3+-NTA). This procedure induced a diabetic state with hyperglycemia, ketonemia, glycosuria and ketonuria. Blood venesection on these rats reduced the iron load in the liver and pancreas, and ameliorated the general diabetic symptoms. A single injection of Fe3+-NTA in rats induced a temporary elevation in plasma iron concentration, lipid peroxidation in the perfused liver homogenate expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, blood GOT, GPT, ALP and gamma-GTP sequentially. Fe3+-NTA uptake in the liver caused membrane lipid peroxidation, and subsequently produced a transit liberation of liver cell enzymes, although the incorporated liver Fe3+-NTA was only 1% of the injected dosage (7.5 mg iron/kg BW) at 3 hr after injection. The direct toxic effect of Fe3+-NTA to living cells was examined using cultured normal rat liver parenchymal cells (RL-34). Marked cytolysis was found in cells exposed to more than 25 micrograms of iron through Fe3+-NTA/ml. At 50 micrograms iron of Fe3+-NTA/ml, most cells were lethally injured and the remaining cells were piled up and aggregated at 15 days. They grew on soft agar culture, and when inoculated subcutaneously to five newly born rats a subcutaneous tumor developed in all animals within three weeks. Lung metastases were found in three of five inoculated rats. A spin trapping technique with electron spin resonance (ESR) on Fe3+-NTA employing 5, 5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) yielded a spin adduct with three doublets (DMPO-Z) which corresponded to singlet oxygen. By ESR in the presence of H2O2, the Fe3+-NTA solution strongly generated hydroxyl radical. The production of active oxygen species by Fe3+-NTA solution may explain the toxicity and carcinogenicity of Fe3+-NTA. The majority of stainable iron in the iron overloaded tissue was hemosiderin (Hs). We tried to purify the Hs from multi-transfused human spleen by the method of Weir et al. The purified Hs did not show a DMPO-OH adducts in the presence of H2O2 and DMPO on ESR measurement. The Hs iron was solubilized with several biological ligands in an acidic state in the presence of a reducing reagent like glutathione. Solubilized Hs iron produced iron chelate complexes which resulted in OH radicals production in the presence of H2O2 in acidic conditions below pH 5.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pathogenesis and mechanism of iron overload: ferric nitrilotriacetate, hemosiderin, active oxygen, and carcinogenesis]. 268 76


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