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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nonhistone nucleoproteins associated with the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) can be visualized by a silver-staining technique on paraffin-embedded tissues. The number of black dots (Ag NORs) appearing on the nuclei are thought to reflect cell differentiation of certain tumors and can be used as an adjunct in predicting their evolution. We applied this method to determine if Ag NORs counts could be used as a diagnostic aid in borderline tumors of the ovary. Thirty-two cases of adenocarcinomas, 25 cases of borderline tumors, and 14 cases of adenomas were selected from Bouin-fixed archival material after histological examination. Both mean values of Ag NORs counts demonstrated a progressive increase from adenomas to borderline tumors and to carcinomas; the differences were statistically significant. Using discriminant analysis, all cases of benign and malignant tumors except one adenoma and one carcinoma were discriminated as belonging to an individualized group. No difference was found between borderline tumor with peritoneal implants and those without peritoneal implants. The results indicate that the Ag NORs counting procedure may be useful in distinguishing borderline tumors from carcinomas and adenomas. Ag NORs counts cannot, however, predict the clinical behavior of borderline tumors of the ovary.
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PMID:Nucleolar organizer regions in ovarian tumors: discrimination between carcinoma and borderline tumor. 137 13

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of DNA which transcribes to ribosomal RNA. The NOR-related protein becomes visible in nucleus by a silver-staining technique under a light microscope, and it has been named argyrophilic protein of NOR (Ag-NOR). In various malignancies, the correlation between the proliferation potential of tumor cells or histological grade and the number of Ag-NORs has been reported. In this study, we investigated the Ag-NOR of acute leukemic cells and its relation to the in vivo proportion of bone marrow leukemic cells in DNA synthetic phase. The number of Ag-NORs in bone marrow leukemic cells was more than that in peripheral blood (means values 2.78 and 2.48, respectively, p less than 0.01). This result shows that the number of Ag-NORs reflects the vigorous proliferative potential of bone marrow leukemic cells. However, no significant correlation was obtained between the number of Ag-NORs and the bromodeoxyuridine-labeling indices (r = 0.2064). These results suggest that Ag-NOR might be one of the markers for cellular proliferation in leukemia, while DNA synthesis of leukemic cells do not seem to be directly related to Ag-NOR. In order to clarify the role of Ag-NOR in leukemia, further studies are needed.
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PMID:Argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer region in acute leukemias and its relation to the S-phase fraction of leukemic cells. 850 43

A child's head-sized tumor on the upper back developed in a 43-year-old man. In spite of an extensive operation for the tumor, he died of multiple metastasis 15 months after the operation. Histologically, tumor cells proliferated throughout the dermal and subcutaneous regions, and a boxed-in appearance was noted with silver staining. Because electron microscopic observations strongly suggested a smooth muscle origin, we diagnosed this case as cutaneous and subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma.
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PMID:Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma. 137 26

Using light and electron microscopy, we investigated the in vivo distribution of liposomes sterically stabilized by specific lipids which prolong their circulation in blood. Tissue distribution of sterically stabilized liposomes composed of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:monosialoganglioside GM1 (10:5:1)-encapsulated 67Ga-Desferal indicates that more than 30% of liposomes still remain in the blood at 24 h after tail vein injection. Moreover, such liposomes accumulated in tumors (C-26 colon carcinoma cells implanted s.c.), reaching almost the same level of uptake as liver (approximately 20% injected dose/g tissue). The microscopic localization of liposomes labeled with encapsulated colloidal gold or rhodamine-labeled dextran coincided well with the tissue distribution. To evaluate circulation parameters, two sizes of gold-containing egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (derivatized at its amino position with a 1900 molecular weight segment of polyethylene glycol) (10:5:0.8) liposomes were injected. The plasma was examined by electron microscopy of negative-stained preparations at 0.5, 4, and 24 h after liposome injection. It was found that the ratio of small (less than 100 nm diameter) to large (greater than 100 nm) liposomes increased with time, indicating a much faster clearance of the larger liposomes. To detect the localization of liposomes in various tissues, appropriate samples were fixed 24 h after the injection of gold-containing liposomes (between 80 and 100 nm in diameter) composed of egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:monosialoganglioside GM1 (10:5:1) or egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:derivatized distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. The tissues examined for this study included normal liver, bone marrow, and implanted neoplasms. Silver-enhanced colloidal gold was found predominantly within Kupffer cells in the normal liver and within macrophages in the bone marrow. Rarely were any silver-enhanced gold particles detected in hepatocytes. In all preparations, electron microscopy revealed the presence of gold in endosomes and lysosomes of fixed sinusoidal lining macrophages in the liver and bone marrow. Peripheral to the implanted tumors, silver enhancement revealed gold in small blood vessels and focally beyond the vessel boundaries in extracellular spaces around tumor cells. Gold particles were not observed within the tumor cell cytoplasm. At the tumor border, nonenhanced gold was occasionally seen by electron microscopy in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. We obtained the same localization pattern as with silver enhancement by using an alternative aqueous content marker, rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran. We conclude that liposomes of specific composition, which have the ability to remain in circulation with a half-life of 12-24 h, are also able to transverse the endothelium of small blood vessels, including those in tumors, and extravasate into extracellular spaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Microscopic localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in colon carcinoma-bearing mice. 139 21

In this study, surgically excised mammary tumors from 98 bitches were graded histologically, and the grade was compared with the mean nucleolar organizer region (NOR) count in silver-stained paraffin-embedded sections. Histologically benign tumors, papillary adenocarcinomas, and intraductal carcinomas showed relatively little variation; the mean count for each category was between three and four NOR per nucleus. There was, however, a significant increase in the NOR counts in tubular and solid carcinomas. This increase was most pronounced for tumors that showed evidence of infiltration into the surrounding connective tissues. The mean NOR count for noninfiltrative carcinomas was 5.1, and that for invasive carcinomas was 7.3 (P less than 0.03). The mean NOR count for individual carcinomas ranged from 2.0 to 12.3, and a significant correlation was found between an increased NOR count and tumor-related death during the first post-surgical year. The 39 bitches in which the tumor had an NOR count less than 8.0 had a generally favorable prognosis; only six (15%) died as a result of the original neoplasm. In contrast, 18/21 dogs (85%) with a carcinoma having an NOR count greater than 8.0 died from the tumor during the first post-surgical year. A similar, although less pronounced result was obtained specifically for invasive carcinomas, in which 3/12 (25%) tumors with an NOR count less than 6.0 resulted in the death of the host, compared with 17/20 (85%) that had an NOR count greater than 6. By using this technique, it is possible to identify a subgroup of bitches with invasive mammary carcinomas that have a very poor prognosis following apparently adequate surgical ablation of the primary tumor.
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PMID:Correlation between histologic diagnosis mean nucleolar organizer region count and prognosis in canine mammary tumors. 141 4

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a method allowing selection of the best morphometric criterion for quantifying AgNOR proteins under conventional observation conditions by light microscopy. We determined 50 parameters for 32 cases of primary breast carcinoma. For each case, three 100-nucleus samples (tumor center and periphery on a Giemsa-stained, 3-microns tumor section, periphery on a silver-stained section) were quantified. Distribution-free multidimensional data analysis was used to explore the geometric significance of the coefficient of correlation. This analysis revealed a clinical message linked with the largest "nucleolar structure" (nucleolus or AgNOR clump) per nucleus on the tumor periphery. Tumor recurrence or death correlated only with the coefficient of variation of the "nucleolar/nuclear" ratio of the greatest clump of AgNORs per nucleus periphery (CVRSa). The prognostic value of CVRSa is independent of that of conventional criteria, such as age, tumor size, Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading and lymph node status. The largest AgNOR clump per nucleus may prove to be a further practical prognostic predictor.
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PMID:Nucleoli and AgNOR proteins in 32 cases of primary breast carcinoma. Spatial pattern of interactions between 50 clinical and histometric criteria. 141 67

Using a silver staining technique, argyrophilic nucleolar organiser region-associated proteins (AgNORs) have been studied in routinely processed paraffin sections of 46 invasive malignant melanomas (MM) of the conjunctiva. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the value of the AgNOR method as a prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. The 46 cases were divided into two groups: (A) 14 cases of MM that metastasised and caused death of the patient within 5 years of (histological) diagnosis, and (B) 32 cases of MM that did not metastasise and in which patients survived beyond 5 years. The mean of the AgNOR counts per nucleus was 7.03 (95% CI: 5.81-8.24) in group A, and 7.15 (95% CI: 6.53-7.77) in group B. A comparison using a multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) model, which corrected for possible confounding effect of tumour thickness, site, and cell type showed no significant difference in AgNOR counts between groups A and B (p = 0.8). Analysis by the Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that survival was not influenced significantly by the mean AgNOR number (hazard ratio: 0.92). Whereas the AgNOR technique may be used to distinguish benign from malignant melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva, we conclude it has no value in predicting the outcome for patients with conjunctival MM.
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PMID:AgNOR counts in conjunctival malignant melanoma lack prognostic value. 142 45

It is a widely diffused opinion that moving backwards in time the moment of the diagnosis of cancer of prostate, so that the tumor is detected earlier than normal, means that the treatment would be more effective than the one adopted in the usual times of diagnosis. For this reason the earlier diagnosis of prostate cancer has become more and more a compulsory target of the modern urologist, at a time of booming of the third age, of increased lifetime expectancy, of significant elevation of prostate cancer rate and of the persistent uncertainty of the efficacy of available treatments. Theoretically the mortality rate of prostate cancer can be reduced by the prevention programs and by the improvements of treatment methods, but the 'earlier' diagnosis is certainly an easier and less expensive strategy to achieve the same objective. The authors have evaluated the argyrophilic-nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR) proteins on 40 cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate collected through a multicentric program in France and in Italy. The Ag-NOR have been stained with silver technique set up by Ploton and Derenzini while the quantitative index has been evaluated by a semiautomatic system partially commercially available, partially modified by the authors. The conclusions: (a) the Ag-NOR index is a simple and reproducible method; (b) the Ag-NOR staging system corresponds to Gleason's grading; (c) the Ag-NOR elevation is a reliable marker of increased cell proliferation and is detectable much earlier than the morphologic changes of Gleason's classification.
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PMID:Nucleolar organizer regions: preliminary results of the clinical use of a new marker for prostatic carcinoma (40 cases). 142 41

In two cases of solid and papillary neoplasm of the pancreas (SPN), positive staining for argyrophil granules, chromogranin-A, neuron-specific enolase, chymotrypsin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, vimentin, cytokeratin, and estrogen receptors was present. Ultrastructurally, neurosecretory as well as zymogenlike granules were demonstrated. Measurements of mean nuclear volume and volume-corrected mitotic index discriminated between SPN and well-differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, with notably lower values being seen in SPN. Silver-stained nucleolar organizer region counts showed wide overlaps. The results suggest that SPN is a tumor with mixed endocrine and exocrine features. Its low malignant potential compared to ductal adenocarcinoma is reflected in the mean nuclear volume and volume-corrected mitotic index. The presence of estrogen receptors may prove therapeutically useful.
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PMID:Solid and papillary neoplasm of the pancreas. 144 85

Paraffin-embedded histopathologic specimens, taken before the commencement of therapy from 14 low-grade and 21 high-grade malignant lymphoma patients, and 9 normal lymph nodes were utilized to analyze six cell DNA-related parameters. The flow cytometry technique was used to determine cell-cycle G0/G1, S and G2/M phases, and silver staining to enumerate nuclear organized regions (AgNORs); nucleus surface area was determined by an image-analyzing system. The six parameters and natural logarithm of cell proportion in the S-phase (LS) were determined according to the histologic tumor type and achievement of the first complete remission (CR). All parameters except cell proportion in G1/M cycle phase differed significantly with respect to histologic cell type, but were not related to the achievement of first CR. Inasmuch as the parameters significantly correlated with each other, multivariate discriminant analysis and proportional hazard regression were applied to estimate their discriminant/predictive values with respect to tumor malignancy. AgNORs proved to be far superior in all three clinical parameters, S-phase was significantly predictive for the achievement of first CR, and LS for tumor histology type. The statistical model applied narrowed down the analysis of seven parameters to two with respect to tumor histology type (AgNORs and LS) and achievement of first CR (AgNORs and S), but only to one for overall patient survival (AgNORs). Only the model for tumor histology type discrimination was statistically significant (R2 = 0.904, p < 0.001). It appears that AgNORs may be of utmost predictive importance for the clinical outcome in NHL.
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PMID:AgNORs predictive value of prognosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: comparison with flow cytometric cell cycle analysis. 147 29


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