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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract presents significant problems in determining appropriate treatment regimens. Staging aided by sophisticated investigations allows for planning of treatment, but there is a definite need for a specific and reproducible marker to quantify biological aggressiveness. For some classes of tumors the DNA ploidy of cells, as determined by flow cytometry, has shown good correlation to pathologic grading and prognosis. Using a mathematical model, it is possible to calculate the S-phase fraction, which is indicative of proliferative activity and may reflect tumor aggressiveness. However, this parameter is often difficult to determine reliably in squamous cell carcinoma. An optimal marker would be a measureable protein related to proliferation. An attempt was made to use flow cytometry to measure the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase II to assess proliferation in cultured cell lines. Although the antibody was specific to the extracted protein, constituents of the rabbit serum bound non-specifically throughout fixed cells. Further purification of this antibody preparation could realize its diagnostic potential. Antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen was more specific, resulting in good correlation flow cytometrically with the S-phase fraction of the cultured cell lines. The results obtained with these protein markers deems further investigation into their use as prognostic indicators. The protocol has been established to apply this technology to tumor samples and establish a meaningful parameter of biological behavior of tumors, upon which treatment regimens can be confidently based.
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PMID:Measurement of proliferative index in squamous cell carcinoma by flow cytometry. 136 86

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/Cyclin) is a 36-kD protein that is present in cycling cells but not in resting cells, and therefore represents a marker of tumor proliferation. Application of anti-PCNA/Cyclin monoclonal antibodies has shown that this protein is localized to the nucleus of cycling cells, with the exception of cells in mitosis, which demonstrate faint cytoplasmic reactivity. Recently, Benjamin and Gown found that Reed-Sternberg cells and variants show nuclear and cytoplasmic staining with anti-PCNA/Cyclin antibody 19A2, and suggested that this feature may be useful in distinguishing Hodgkin's disease from other tumors. This report describes the reactivity of 42 workshop cases that were stained with anti-PCNA/Cyclin antibodies 19A2 and/or PC10. Thirty-three (79%) of the 42 cases showed adequate reactivity to allow for interpretation of staining localization. In the group of reactive cases, 26 (79%) showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. The localization of PCNA/Cyclin was compared with the consensus diagnosis in each case. Eighty percent of cases classified as Hodgkin's disease, 67% of cases classified as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 100% of unresolved cases showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. The incidence of cytoplasmic PCNA/Cyclin was not different between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in this study.
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PMID:Localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/Cyclin) in workshop cases of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 136 84

The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling study provides valuable cell kinetic information for individual tumors that could suggest the prognosis of each patient who had a tumor. Recently, a monoclonal antibody against the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA or cyclin), a nuclear protein expressed in proliferating cells, was developed which could be used on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the cell kinetic data obtained by the BrdU labeling study and the PCNA method in the same patient. The relationship between labeling indices of BrdU incorporated into S-phase and PCNA expressed by cycling cells was investigated in 31 patients with brain tumors. Both of the labeling indices showed good correlation with histological grade of the tumor. The values of the PCNA labeling index (LI) were parallel but higher than those of the BrdU LI, and the relation PCNA LI = 2.2 x BrdU LI + 0.8 (r2 = 0.86) was obtained. The results of this study show that PCNA could replace the BrdU method for identifying the proliferating cells, and the major advantages of PCNA method is that it could be done without any pretreatment and avoid injection of the teratogenic agent for diagnostic purpose.
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PMID:Comparison of brain tumor growth kinetics by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. 136 39

Because it is not easy to determine the tumor status of meningiomas by current diagnostic procedures, we investigated these tumors immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody PC 10. This antibody recognizes a fixation- and processing-resistant epitope of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which is a 36-KD nuclear antigen associated with the cell cycle. We studied paraffin-embedded and formalin-fixed tissue specimens of a group of 21 atypical/malignant meningiomas together with 18 benign meningiomas. PCNA staining results were compared with the mean number of silver-stained nucleolar organizer region-associated proteins (AgNORs), tumor grading, and mitotic indices of these tumors. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells was found to range between 0.1% and 40%, irrespective of the tumor grade. When all tumors were collectively considered, no positive correlation was found between PCNA scores and histologic grading and only a weak one between PCNA score and mitotic index. A higher correlation was seen between AgNOR counts and tumor grading. Our results suggest that PCNA labeling and histologic grading seem to be independent parameters. The correlations found between AgNOR counts and tumor grading should be substantiated in further series.
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PMID:Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in atypical and malignant meningiomas. 136 64

The authors investigated whether immunocytochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) could be used to identify proliferative hepatocytes in frozen sections fixed in a mixture of periodate, lysine, and 2% paraformaldehyde. Paraffin sections also were used, which were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Specimens of liver tissue were obtained from 27 patients with various hepatic diseases. Hepatocytes that were positive for PCNA/cyclin were observed in both types of substrate specimens. In acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis, most hepatocytes that were labeled for PCNA/cyclin were located near necrotic foci. However, in cirrhosis, they were detected most often near fibrotic septa; the number of immunoreactive cells varied greatly in different areas of tissue sections in such cases. In hepatocellular carcinoma, many PCNA/cyclin-positive tumor cells were seen throughout the neoplasms. Hepatocytes that were positive for DNA polymerase-alpha showed a similar distribution pattern in serial sections of study cases.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical identification of proliferative hepatocytes using monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin). Comparison with immunocytochemical staining for DNA polymerase-alpha. 137 17

Solid undifferentiated carcinoma was the major microscopic pattern in 24 prostatic carcinomas, 12 of which were clinically recurrent. Tumour cells were uniform, with moderately hyperchromatic nuclei and indistinct cytoplasm, and were arranged in solid or focally irregular aggregates. In areas, the tumour cells were large with vesicular nuclei, nucleoli and more abundant cytoplasm. In previous specimens, solid undifferentiated carcinoma was absent or was a minor pattern. Twenty of 23 cases showed prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase immunoreactivity, and nine of 17 cases contained scattered argyrophilic or chromogranin-immunoreactive cells. On proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining of 12 specimens, the mean tumour proliferative fraction in solid undifferentiated carcinoma (range: 10.5-18%) was greater than in areas of grade 3 prostatic carcinoma (range: 3-6%). In all 22 stage C and D cases, there was a close correlation with clinical evidence of tumour progression, and the overall 2-year survival rate was only 16.7%. It is concluded that a major solid undifferentiated pattern correlates with increased biological aggressiveness and a poor prognosis in locally advanced prostatic carcinoma.
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PMID:A major solid undifferentiated carcinoma pattern correlates with tumour progression in locally advanced prostatic carcinoma. 139 21

A possible autocrine effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the growth and differentiation of the tumor cells of 55 B-cell lymphomas was examined. Interleukin-6 was detected in a few types of B-cell lymphomas, including polymorphic immunocytoma (PI), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and immunoblastic lymphoma (IBL) with or without plasmacytoid differentiation. In PI and in IBL with plasmacytoid differentiation (IBL-P), IL-6 was detected only in immunoglobulin-containing plasmacytoid cells, and it was absent from most proliferating (Ki-67/PCNA-positive) lymphoma cells. In SLL, IL-6 was not observed in lymphoplasmacytoid cells; instead, IL-6 was observed in transformed (Ki-67/PCNA-positive) tumor cells in proliferation centers. The lymphoplasmacytoid cells in SLL exhibited a phenotype (IL-6/glutathione-S-transferase-pi [GST-pi]-negative), different from that of normal plasma cells (IL-6-negative/GST-pi-positive) and from the plasmacytoid cells (IL-6/GST-pi-positive) in PI and IBL-P. In IBL without obvious plasmacytoid differentiation, IL-6 was detected in most tumor cells that were highly proliferative (Ki-67/PCNA-positive). In this study, IL-6 was undetectable in most lymphomas related to follicular centers, in lymphoblastic lymphoma, in small noncleaved cell lymphomas of the Burkitt and non-Burkitt types, and in diffuse large cell lymphoma. This finding is compatible with a previous finding that IL-6 mRNA was absent from follicular center cells in reactive lymphoid tissues. The functions of IL-6 in these lymphomas may be quite diverse. It appears that IL-6, as an autocrine factor, is responsible for the plasmacytoid differentiation of lymphoma cells in IP and some IBL (IBL-P). The differentiation of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma cells in SLL, however, may not be mediated by an autocrine IL-6 mechanism. Interleukin-6 may provide a growth signal, rather than acting as a differentiation factor, for some IBL cells and for some transformed tumor cells in proliferation centers in SLL.
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PMID:Functional heterogeneity and pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 in B-cell lymphomas. 141 84

We have examined the c-myc gene expression and the gene organization in resected human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and in the adjacent normal esophageal mucosa from 20 patients undergoing radical surgery. Immunohistochemistry of p62c-myc was compared with that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in order to examine the biologic significance of p62c-myc. Relative c-myc expression detected by Northern blot analysis ranged from 0.41 to 2.8, but the degree of c-myc expression did not correlate with other clinicopathological prognostic parameters. In sity hybridization localized the elevated c-myc mRNA expression to tumor cells and basal and parabasal cells of the adjacent normal mucosa. Immunohistochemistry showed altered localization of p62c-myc, i.e., both cytoplasmic and nuclear immunostaining in advanced carcinomas. c-myc immunoreactivity exhibited wider distribution compared with that of PCNA, a cell cycle related antigen, which may indicate induction of cell proliferation by p62c-myc. DNA hybridization showed mild amplification in one out of 17 tumors and no evidence of gene rearrangement. There was no distinct correlation between the results of Northern or Southern blot analysis and the results of in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. Gene alteration of the c-myc locus, as well as overexpression of the c-myc oncogene, appeared to be limited, and analysis of the c-myc gene yielded limited prognostic value in human esophageal carcinomas.
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PMID:Analysis of c-myc oncogene in human esophageal carcinoma: immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and northern and Southern blot studies. 144 41

Cell renewal in the large intestine mucosa is normally tied to a rigidly compartmentalized model. Immunohistochemical identification of cells in S phase through uptake of bromodeoxyuridine is the method of choice for detailed compartmental mapping of proliferation, while immunohistochemical detection of proliferation-associated antigens (Ki-67, PCNA, DNA polymerase alpha) provides information in advanced tumor cases. Mucosal hyperproliferation due to inflammation may be transient (self-limited colitis, Crohn's disease, acute radiation damage) or lasting (ulcerative colitis). Progressive shifting of the proliferation zone to the crypt surface (Stage II abnormality) is a late feature of irradiated rectal mucosa and subgroups of ulcerative colitis patients at high risk for cancer. Hyperproliferation and Stage II abnormality coexist in the mucosa of patients with colorectal neoplasia, but are mutually independent and correlated to different clinical and pathological features of the disease. These cytokinetic abnormalities are highly predictive markers of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, but are not associated with de novo adenocarcinoma. Proliferation increases progressively in the subsequent steps of this sequence, except in early cancer.
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PMID:Cell proliferation in colorectal tumor progression: an immunohistochemical approach to intermediate biomarkers. 146 8

Among CNS tumors, intracranial melanomas represent a subject of interest for neurooncologists and neurosurgeons because clinical and radiological patterns of these tumors can mimic the presence of meningiomas, and in spite of their malignant behavior they can be satisfactorily treated. In the present report we describe a new case of primary intracranial melanoma that displayed some radiological features of meningioma; we review the clinical features of 80 previously well-documented cases. The importance of neuroradiological and histochemical (S-100 protein, antimelanin antibodies, proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining) methods and of flow cytometry in helping with histopathological examination is stressed. Review of the clinical histories demonstrates that surgical excision is recommended in most cases, depending on tumor location, and that if total removal is performed, long-term disease-free periods can be attained.
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PMID:Primary solitary intracranial melanoma: case report and review of the literature. 161 71


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