Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cystic hygromas are large lymphangiomas that are most often found in the posterior triangle of the neck and the axilla in children. They are most frequently found before age 2 and may be massive. After upper respiratory infection, they may become infected and enlarged, causing dysphagia and toxemia. The diagnosis can usually be made by history and physical examination and confirmed by biopsy. Treatment is by surgical excision of small lesions and staged debulking excisions in more severe cases. A patient with a cystic hygroma having many clinical characteristics of a plunging ranula is presented. The cyst fluid was aspirated and analyzed for its amylase, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, glucose, and total protein content. The characteristics of the fluid were also compared with those of lymph and saliva. This report demonstrates the difficulty in determining the diagnosis of a tumor that has the clinical features of a cystic hygroma, as well as a plunging ranula. The necessity of a proper presurgical diagnosis is essential since the form of therapy for each is different and conflicting. A method that distinguishes between the cervical cystic hygroma and a plunging ranula by means of aspirated fluid is discussed.
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PMID:Submandibular cystic hygroma resembling a plunging ranula in a neonate. Review and report of a case. 199 19

The aim of this study was to produce large liver tumors reliably, and to diagnose the tumors during development. Therefore, New Zealand white rabbits were treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine orally three times per week by gavage and were examined by clinical-chemical assay at regular intervals during the average treatment period of 14 months. The total cumulative dose was 1200 mg N-nitrosodiethylamine over 14 months. After a short treatment period the initial dose of 3 mg/kg had to be reduced to 1.5 mg/kg. In all 11 treated animals (100%) liver tumors were seen at the end of the study. Four control animals did not show any neoplastic changes. Clinical parameters investigated were for an assessment of liver function, total protein, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and neuraminic acid as well as some serum electrolytes. The in vivo diagnosis of liver tumors based on changes in these parameters proved to be relatively unreliable. The liver enzyme tests and urea concentration only yielded significant changes when the liver tumors were very large. Changes in neuraminic acid levels were the most reliable indicator for the presence of a liver tumor in this animal model. In the 11 treated animals, serum values of this marker increased towards the end of the study by an average of 300 mg/dl. The induced tumors were mainly hepatocellular carcinomas. Only in 1 animal was a hepatocellular adenoma found. Further primary tumors diagnosed were six adenomas in the kidneys and two uterus adenomas, as well as nasal cavity tumors (two papillomas, one carcinoma, one adenoma and one adenocarcinoma). In 70% of the treated rabbits the hepatocellular carcinomas had metastasized to the lungs.
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PMID:Diethylnitrosamine-induced metastasizing hepatocellular carcinomas in New Zealand white rabbits. A tumor model for clinical investigations. 200 10

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a genotoxic compound in vitro and in vivo, it binds covalently to DNA and is an animal carcinogen. Today, EC is mainly found as a natural trace constituent in different alcoholic beverages and in fermented food items. Data on analytical methodology and the levels of EC in different food items are summarized and the daily burden of humans is estimated. Under normal dietary habits excluding alcoholic beverages, the unavoidable daily intake is 10-20 ng/kg b.w. On the basis of the evaluation of all toxicity data and its mode of action a conventional risk assessment of EC indicates that this level represents a negligible lifetime cancer risk (less than 0.0001%). Individual habits may greatly enhance the risk. Regular drinking of table wine (500 ml/day) would increase the risk up to 5 times, regular drinking of stone-fruit distillates (20-40 ml/day) would raise the calculated hypothetical tumor risk to near 0.01%. Human exposure to carcinogenic compounds should be as low as reasonably achievable. In order to take reliable measures to reduce EC levels in beverages and foods, it is crucial to know the mode of its formation. For its natural formation the presence of ethanol is absolutely required. In stone-fruit distillates hydrogen cyanide together with photochemically active substances are crucial to form EC. The main part of EC is formed after the distillation involving photochemical reactions. In wine (and probably bread) significant EC formation seems to depend on heat treatment. While in distillates hydrogen cyanide is the most important single precursor, in wine different carbamyl compounds, mainly urea, seem to be involved in EC formation. Despite this apparent difference a common EC formation pathway is discussed for all alcoholic beverages by assuming cyanic-/isocyanic acid as an important ultimate reactant with ethanol. Some ideas are presented as to the possible course of future work.
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PMID:Ethyl carbamate: analytical methodology, occurrence, formation, biological activity and risk assessment. 201 16

The present experiments were designed to evaluate in vivo the differential sensitivity of tumor cell subpopulations to hormone and polyamine manipulations using the hormone-responsive N-nitrosomethyl-urea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumor. NMU tumor bearing rats were randomly assigned to control, ovariectomy, alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithine (DFMO) administration (an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis), or combination treatment, and were sacrificed on day 2, 4, or 7. The proportion of different cells was estimated by morphometric analysis and their replicative activities by [3H]-thymidine autoradiography. In tumors of intact rats, the fractions of glandular, myoepithelial, and non-epithelial cells were 85.3 +/- 2.2%, 4.7 +/- 0.7%, and 9.9 +/- 1.9%, respectively. Ovariectomy induced a similar time-dependent decline in the labelling indices of each cell type (from 5% to 1%). It also decreased the fraction of glandular cells (74.9 +/- 4.5%), while increasing the fraction of myoepithelial (8.6 +/- 1.9%) and non-epithelial (16.3 +/- 3.2%) cells. DFMO exerted similar but more modest effects. DFMO-induced tumor regression was also inferior to that observed with ovariectomy. Combined ovariectomy and DFMO induced a faster and greater suppression of all labelling indices than the individual treatments, even though tumor regression was not superior to that produced by ovariectomy alone. Combination treatment also produced more profound morphologic changes, reducing the fraction of glandular cells to 64.4 +/- 3.9% and increasing that of non-epithelial cells to 26.6 +/- 4.4%. Ovariectomy and DFMO reduced height but not width of glandular cells, resulting in a modest decrease in cell volume. The combination treatment, however, significantly suppressed all three parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Kinetic and morphometric responses of heterogeneous populations of NMU-induced rat mammary tumor cells to hormone and antipolyamine therapy in vivo. 203 40

The present experiments were designed to evaluate the polyamine involvement in hormonal actions on proliferation and receptor content of neoplastic tissue (hormone-responsive breast cancer) as well as on growth of normal endocrine target tissue (uterus) in the same animals. Administration of estradiol and perphenazine (to stimulate endogenous prolactin release) stimulated N-nitrosomethyl-urea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumor growth following ovariectomy-induced tumor regression. Such hormonal activation of breast cancer growth was completely abolished by treatment with alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithine (DFMO), a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, which lowered tumor content of polyamines. The growth inhibitory effect of DFMO was partially reversible by exogenous putrescine administration. In contrast, the rise in cytosolic content of progesterone receptors induced by hormonal treatment was not affected by suppression of tumor polyamine levels by DFMO. Similarly, DFMO administration failed to influence the hormone-induced increase in uterine weight in the same animals. Thus, our data suggest selectivity of polyamine involvement in hormone actions, which, in our experimental system, seems to be restricted to the endocrine control of neoplastic cell proliferation.
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PMID:Selectivity of polyamine involvement in hormone action on normal and neoplastic target tissues of the rat. 203 41

The antitumor effect of cisplatin-(CDDP)-encapsulated thermosensitive large unilamellar liposome (ThLip) administration with hyperthermia (HT) was examined in mice bearing Meth A fibrosarcoma. The tumor Pt levels after ThLip administration were increased in response to HT. The targeting index was approximately 3. The antitumor activity of ThLip + HT, as measured by tumor growth delay or tumor weight inhibition, was larger than that of ThLip without HT or a solution with or without HT. The CDDP dose in ThLip + HT to give equivalent tumor growth delay in solution (40 micrograms/mouse) + HT was about 10 micrograms/mouse, and therefore the targeted drug delivery enhancement ratio was about 4. The ratio correlates with the targeting index. The blood urea nitrogen level, as an indicator of CDDP nephrotoxicity, was increased 7 days after the administration of ThLip (40 micrograms CDDP/mouse) with HT. However, this blood urea nitrogen level rise was independent of the activity enhancement by the liposome. These findings suggest that the HT combined CDDP delivery system using ThLip can decrease the effective CDDP dose, thereby increasing its therapeutic index.
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PMID:Enhanced antitumor activity in mice after administration of thermosensitive liposome encapsulating cisplatin with hyperthermia. 204 24

The in vivo 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of s.c. implanted murine radiation induced fibrosarcomas (RIF-1) display narrow resonances assignable to betaine and other trimethylamines and broad resonances due to amino acids and peptides. In 19 of the 41 tumors studied a distinct resonance from the ammonium ion is detectable. The accumulation of ammonium in the tumor to nuclear magnetic resonance detectable levels may result from glutaminolysis (a possible pathway for energy production in the tumor), from the degradation of peptides and proteins, or from the deamination of adenine nucleotides. Estimates of the tissue ammonium concentration were obtained from the in vivo tumor spectrum and the spectrum of the nonlabile trimethylamines in the perchloric acid extract. In the extract, the 14N resonances of betaine, carnitine, choline, phosphorylcholine, and glycerophosphorylcholine were resolved, and a relatively high level of tissue urea was observed. Spin-lattice relaxation times were obtained for the 14N nucleus of each of these metabolites in phosphate buffer.
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PMID:In vivo 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tumors: detection of ammonium and trimethylamine metabolites in the murine radiation induced fibrosarcoma 1. 205 77

The authors reviewed the clinical charts and the radiographic files of 93 patients with obstructive jaundice--in 86 cases due to neoplasm--treated with PTBD. The test of differences from survival curves was used to identify the clinical parameters predictive of short survival after PTBD. The difference in survival curves was significant relative to serum indirect bilirubin (cut point: 7.6 mg%), to serum cholinesterase (cut point: 1290 mU/ml), to white blood cell counts (cut point: 8600/mm3), to blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (cut point: 60 mg%). Because of the marked negative prognostic value of high BUN levels, our data seem to indicate that PTBD should not be performed when severe renal insufficiency is present. Other parameters correlated with a short survival after PTBD were the histotype of metastasis (in comparison with the other ones), and large neoplastic volume (in comparison with a small and a medium ones). Through pre-PTBD radiological and laboratory data analysis, a group of patients can be selected in whom the procedure will increase neither well-being nor survival, as plotted against those patients who are likely to benefit from biliary drainage.
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PMID:[Prognostic factors after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage]. 205 99

Human alveolar macrophages (HAM) from 28 normal volunteers were found to inhibit replication of Cryptococcus neoformans. Conditions under which fungistasis occurred were different than those required for mouse peritoneal macrophage-mediated fungistasis. Inhibition of fungal replication by mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) requires that the macrophages are activated and that the cocultures of C. neoformans and macrophages be done in the presence of serum, L-arginine, and endotoxin. During MPM-mediated fungistasis and tumor cell killing, L-arginine is oxidized to NO2-, NO3-, and L-citrulline. In addition, MPM have arginase activity that converts L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. HAM-mediated fungistasis was similar to that mediated by MPM in terms of the serum requirement, but HAM did not require L-arginine or endotoxin. HAM did not produce NO2- or NO3- detectable by colorimetric and bioassay, nor did HAM produce L-citrulline or L-ornithine from 14C-radiolabeled L-arginine as detectable by reverse-phase ion-pairing HPLC of macrophage-C. neoformans coculture supernatants. HAM had no detectable arginase activity, hence there was no evidence for L-arginine nitrogen metabolism in HAM. HAM-mediated fungistasis was not enhanced by endotoxin or by recombinant human interferon-gamma (rHIFN-gamma). The combination of endotoxin and rHIFN-gamma inhibited the fungistatic effect of HAM. Human peritoneal macrophages (HPM) from women undergoing laparoscopy were tested for fungistasis and L-arginine nitrogen oxidation. Partial inhibition of cryptococcal replication occurred; however, there was no evidence of L-arginine metabolism to NO2- or NO3-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human alveolar and peritoneal macrophages mediate fungistasis independently of L-arginine oxidation to nitrite or nitrate. 212 14

To investigate the prognostic factors in Western patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 206 patients with confirmed diagnoses of hepatocellular carcinoma were studied in terms of survival. All patients were diagnosed between 1983 and 1987. A multivariate survival analysis (Cox regression model) using clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographical and pathological data obtained at diagnosis disclosed that bilirubin (p = 0.0001), ascites (p = 0.0001), toxic syndrome (defined by the presence of weight loss greater than 10% premorbid weight, malaise and anorexia) (p = 0.009), blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.025), tumor size (p = 0.001), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (p = 0.0006), age (p = 0.0005), serum sodium (p = 0.003) and presence of metastases (p = 0.002) were independent predictors of survival. According to the contribution of each of these factors to the final model, a prognostic index was constructed allowing division of patients in different groups according to their relative risk of death: RRD = EXP (Age x 0.03 + Ascites x 0.8281 + BUN x 0.0137 + Serum sodium x (-0.0538) + gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase x 0.0019 + Bilirubin x 0.0734 + Tumor size x 0.33 + Toxic syndrome x 0.4965 + Metastases x 0.55). These results facilitate the stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma patients to design and evaluate future controlled trials.
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PMID:Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in the west: a multivariate analysis in 206 patients. 217 Feb 67


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