Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sections of hypernephroid carcinoma from 20 cases were investigated for aldolase isozymes A and B by a mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique, and for the brush border membrane enzymes aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase by conventional histochemical techniques. It was found that the cases could be grouped into four types: type 1 (1 case) contained all 4 enzymes; type 2 (7 cases) contained all enzymes except aldolase-B; type 3 (7 cases) possessed aldolase-A and one brush border membrane enzyme; type 4 (5 cases) contained only aldolase-A. The aldolase-A concentration in all tumor cells was higher than that in proximal tubule cells, whereas the concentration of the two brush border enzymes was lower. In cases tydolase-B and/or higher amounts of the brush border enzymes than the surrounding cells. No correlation was observed between clear cell and granular cell hypernephroid carcinomas or the invasiveness or the nuclear polymorphism of the tumors on the one hand with their enzyme type on the other. These histological enzyme analyses suggest that most, if not all, hypernephroid carcinomas are derived from kidney proximal tubule cells and that the tumor cells then progressively lose aldolase-B, and subsequently the brush border enzymes, but at the same time producing more aldolase-A. The presence of the enzyme-rich patches suggest different patterns of proliferation and differentiation among the tumor cell population. Three tumors other than hypernephroid carcinoma were also examined in this way. The results suggest that histoenzymological analyses are of general applicability in studies of tumor progression. They should also be useful for biopsy and aspiration cytology.
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PMID:A classification of tumor development based on an analysis of enzymes in tissue sections of hypernephroid carcinoma in man. 101 98

Chromomycin A3 was given to 43 patients with metastatic cancer in order to determine the tolerable dose when the drug was administered on an every-other-day dose schedule for a total of five iv push injections, with the course of therapy being repeated every 4 weeks. At least three patients were entered at each dose level, graduated in 0.1-mg/m2 increments between 0.7 and 1.6 mg/m2. The most common (19 patients) side effect was nausea and/or vomiting, but this was usually mild, lasted for a few hours, and diminished in severity with repeated injections. Skin necrosis due to drug extravasation was a problem early in the study, but was eliminated by injecting the drug through iv tubing. Transient elevations in SGOT and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed, but proved not to be of serious consequence. Renal toxicity proved to be the limiting factor in therapy. However, a dose level of 1.3 mg/m2 was found to be a tolerable level of drug administration in previously untreated patients. Objective tumor responses were noted in four patients (Hodgkin's disease, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and malignant melanoma).
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PMID:Phase I alternate-day dose study of chromomycin A3. 103 32

Galactosyltransferase activity was assayed in sera from 58 patients with various types of cancer. On discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a slow-moving peak of galactosyltransferase activity (isoenzyme II) was found to be present in the serum of 43 of these patients in addition to the major isoenzyme I. Isoenzyme II was found in only 2 of 39 patients with various nonmalignant disorders and was not detected in the serum of 22 normal control subjects. There was no correlation between the presence of this electrophoretically distinct isoenzyme and total serum galactosyltransferase activity, alkaline phosphatase, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, or blood type. However, patients with widespread metastases had significantly higher isoenzyme II levels than those with no metastases or with limited local spread. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this serum galactosyltransferase isoenzyme in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with neoplastic disease.
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PMID:Cancer-associated isoenzyme of serum galactosyltransferase. 106 13

Several subclones with high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were isolated from ALP-negative Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1). When inoculated into cheek pouch membranes of Syrian golden hamsters treated with anti-hamster thymocyte serum (ATS), ALP-negative CHO-K1 cells produced progressively growing tumors, whereas the cells of ALP-positive subclones did not, although small nodules were formed temporarily. The animals injected CHO-K1 cells died of tumor by 35 days after grafting, and metastases in liver and lung were revealed on autopsy. The histological features of the resultant neoplasms were consistent with fibrosarcoma. In animals transplanted with the cells of ALP-positive subclones, neither tumor death, nor metastasis formation was observed.
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PMID:Carcinogenesis in tissue culture 25: reduced tumorigenicity of alkaline phosphatase-constitutive variants from Chinese hamster ovary cells. 108 37

Studies were made on the urinary bladder of 66 BALB/c mice of both sexes; 21 were fed a normal diet and 45, a diet containing 100-500 parts per million (ppm) of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Bladder epithelial hyperplasia was noted in 22 of 24 mice given 2-AAF for 7 months and in 20 of 21 given 2-AAF for 19 months. Transitional cell carcinomas were in 12 of 21 mice given 2-AAF for 19 months and in all except the 9 females given the low dose (100 ppm). Special stains revealed marked alkaline phosphatase activity in the bladder epithelium of untreated controls and slightly to moderately reduced activity in the hyperplastic epithelium, particularly the lower layers, of mice given 2-AAF for 7 months. Activity was markedly reduced and confined largely to the upper layers in mice treated for 19 months. The transitional cell carcinomas showed no activity except focally in a few tumor masses in 11 of 12 mice with tumors. Alkaline phosphatase activity was usually slightly to moderately increased in the sub-epithelial stroma after 7 months' treatment with 2-AAF and markedly increased after 19 months. Loss of alkaline phosphatase activity in the bladder epithelium may be a preneoplastic change.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase activity in hyperplastic and neoplastic urinary bladder epithelium of mice fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. 111 6

In a group of 30 patients with neoplastic processes, 13 were found to have a significantly increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. This finding correlated with the results of investigation with 85Sr in 7 patients, but owing to a concomitant hepatal symptomatology, it proved of differential diagnostic value in only one of them. On the other hand, the activity of bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was significantly altered in 15 patients. In 14 of them the increase in bone isoenzyme activity corresponded to an X-ray and a radionuclear finding of a tumor process in the bones. This activity was within the normal range of values in only one patient with a positive result of the 85Sr investigation. An agreement between the results of determination of bone isoenzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase and those of radionuclear investigations was found in 27 patients. In addition, a correlation was established between the increased activity of bone isoenzyme and that of intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme investigation can be suitably utilized, alongside radionuclear examination, for early detection of a bone process.
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PMID:Phosphatases XII. Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase and radionuclear investigation (85Sr) of patients with neoplastic affection of the skeleton. 116 Nov 16

The Regan-Isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was determined immunologically measuring the antibody-fixed tumor alkaline phosphatase activity. In 68 blood donors the normal range varied from 0.1145 to 0.6351 (delta E/20 min at 405 nm, chi = 0.3748, standard deviation = 0.1013). 28.9% of 83 patients with different carcinomas showed a pathologically elevated Regan-Isoenzyme activity in the serum. The percentage of positive results as compared to previous reports is higher due to a more sensitive technique.
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PMID:[Regan-isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in sera of cancer patients (author's transl)]. 119 59

The prognostic and postoperative monitoring capabilities of the CEA assay were compared to pathological staging of the operative specimens, clinical followup including endoscopy, radiology and scanning techniques, as well as DNCB skin testing and laboratory enzyme determinations (alkaline phosphatase and transaminase). A total of 46 patients with curative resection for colorectal carcinoma were studied. This included 23 patients with recurrent tumors compared to 23 long-term survivors without signs of recurrence at the time of the study. Preoperative CEA determinations were a good prognostic tool comparable to pathological staging of the specimen. Post operative CEA monitoring was the earliest sign of recurrence in 14 of 23 patients and was positive at the time of recurrence determined by other methods in 20; it was negative in only three cases. The incidence of false positive results among the non recurrent group became a lesser problem when repeated elevated values were required before considering the patient as having a recurrence. From these data, it seems reasonable to propose the use of a second-look operation in patients with maintained elevation of circulating CEA and no clinical signs of tumor presence, if we are to treat recurrence at an early stage. Chemotherapy would be an alternative way to deal with this problem, since the absence of clinical signs in general correlate with small bulk of tumor which at this time may be more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a prognostic and monitoring test in clinically complete resection of colorectal carcinoma. 124

In 302 patients with tumors of the cervix, corpus uteri, and ovaries, assessment by clinical staging (tumors-nodules-metastasis system) (4) and histopathology has been related to the presence of serum heat-stable, placenta-lide alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) activity. Early stages of cervical tumors show the highest incidence of this isoenzyme. In advanced stages of this disease, a decrease in frequency was observed that might be interpreted as the result of gradual dedifferentiation of the tumor cells to a point where synthesis of PLAP became undetectable. The same observation was made in adenocarcinomas of the corpus uteri, i.e., patients with advanced disease tended to have the lowest incidence of serum PLAP. Only in cancers of the ovaries did we find a positive correlation between this enzyme marker and the extent of the disease. In more than one-third of the patients examined, PLAP levels were an index of the tumor burden.
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PMID:Placenta-like alkaline phosphatase in gynecological cancers. 124 5

The alkaline phosphatase from KB cells was purified, characterized, and compared to placental alkaline phosphatase, which it resembles immunologically. Two nonidentical nonomeric subunits of the KB phosphatase were found. The two subunits, which have apparent molecular weights of 64,000 and 72,000, can be separated on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The Mr = 64,000 KB subunit appears to be identical in protein structure to the monomer of placental alkaline phosphatase. The Mr = 72,000 KB subunit, while differing in the NH2-terminal amino acid, appears also to be very similar to the placental alkaline phosphatase monomer. Both KB phosphatase subunits bind (32P)phosphate, and bind to Sepharose-bound anti-placental alkaline phosphatase. Native KB phosphatase is identical to the placental isozyme in isoelectric point, pH optimum, and inhibition by amino acids, and has a very similar peptide map. The data presented support the hypothesis that the Mr = 64,000 KB phosphatase subunit may the the same gene product as the monomer of placental alkaline phosphatase. This paper strengthens the evidence that the gene for this fetal protein, normally repressed in all cells but placenta, is derepressed in the KB cell line. In addition, this paper presents the first structural evidence that there are two different subunit proteins comprising the placental-like alkaline phosphatase from a human tumor cell line.
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PMID:Characterization of KB cell alkaline phosphatase. Evidence of similarity to placental alkaline phosphatase. 126 37


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