Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have directly demonstrated the involvement of human NADPH: cytochrome c (P-450) reductase in the aerobic/hypoxic differential toxicity of mitomycin C and porfiromycin in living cells by varying only this enzyme in a transfected cell line. In the same manner, we have implicated rat DT-diaphorase in the aerobic and hypoxic activation of mitomycin C, but found only a minor role for this enzyme in the aerobic activation of porfiromycin. DT-Diaphorase does not cause the production of an aerobic/hypoxic differential toxicity by mitomycin C, but rather activates this agent through an oxygen insensitive pathway. The evidence suggests that DT-diaphorase activates mitomycin C more effectively than porfiromycin, with porfiromycin being preferentially activated through a one-electron reductive pathway. The therapeutic potential of mitomycin antibiotics in the treatment of cancer can be envisioned to be enhanced for those tumors containing elevated levels of the bioreductive enzymes. However, cytogenetic heterogeneity within the tumor cell population and the various environmental factors which impact on bioreductive enzyme function, including pH and oxygen tension, may subvert this approach. Moreover, if high tumor levels of a drug activating enzyme reflect high levels in the normal tissues of the patient, normal tissue damage may also be enhanced with possibly no improvement in the therapeutic ratio. Approaches utilizing gene therapy, whereby a specific bioreductive catalyst is introduced into the tumor cell population via a targeting vehicle to activate a particular prodrug, may be more effective in that not only will the prodrug of choice be specifically activated in the tumor, but the source of the catalyst, be it bacterial, rodent, or human, will not be important. In fact, in the case of DT-diaphorase and mitomycin C, the rat form of the enzyme could be advantageous because it is more effective in activating mitomycin C than is the human form of this enzyme. Assuming targeted gene delivery to malignant cells, a non-host enzyme which is more effective at activating mitomycin C than the analogous host enzyme might also result in less drug activation in normal tissue and, hence, less normal tissue toxicity.
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PMID:Exploring the mechanistic aspects of mitomycin antibiotic bioactivation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing NADPH:cytochrome C (P-450) reductase and DT-diaphorase. 976 50

The mechanism by which p53 modulates apoptosis in cancer therapy is incompletely understood. Here, cell-free extracts from irradiated tumor cells are described in which endogenous p53 protein is shown to participate in caspase activation. This apoptotic activity is also oncogene-dependent, but independent of transcription in general or the presence of Bax or cytochrome c. A general use for this system is as a cell-free screen for apoptosis modulators. In this way, profound effects of protein kinase A were identified and corroborated in vivo by the protection conferred by cAMP against diverse triggers of p53-dependent apoptosis. This system provides direct biochemical evidence that p53 protein can transduce apoptotic signals through protein-protein interactions and reveals a modulator kinase pathway capable of regulating p53-dependent caspase activation.
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PMID:Oncogene-dependent regulation of caspase activation by p53 protein in a cell-free system. 977 64

The major heat shock protein, Hsp70, is an effective inhibitor of apoptosis. To study its mechanism of action, we created tumor cell lines with altered Hsp70 levels. The expression levels of Hsp70 in the cells obtained correlated well with their survival following treatments with tumor necrosis factor, staurosporine and doxorubicin. Surprisingly, the surviving Hsp70-expressing cells responded to the apoptotic stimuli by activation of stress-activated protein kinases, generation of free radicals, early disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3-like proteases in a manner essentially similar to that of the dying cells with low Hsp70 levels. However, Hsp70 inhibited late caspase-dependent events such as activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and changes in nuclear morphology. Furthermore, Hsp70 conferred significant protection against cell death induced by enforced expression of caspase-3. Thus, Hsp70 rescues cells from apoptosis later in the death signaling pathway than any known anti-apoptotic protein, making it a tempting target for therapeutic interventions.
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PMID:Hsp70 exerts its anti-apoptotic function downstream of caspase-3-like proteases. 979 22

Understanding how oncogenic transformation sensitizes cells to apoptosis may provide a strategy to kill tumor cells selectively. We previously developed a cell-free system that recapitulates oncogene dependent apoptosis as reflected by activation of caspases, the core of the apoptotic machinery. Here, we show that this activation requires a previously identified apoptosis-promoting complex consisting of caspase-9, APAF-1, and cytochrome c. As predicted by the in vitro system, preventing caspase-9 activation blocked drug-induced apoptosis in cells sensitized by E1A, an adenoviral oncogene. Oncogenes, such as E1A, appear to facilitate caspase-9 activation by several mechanisms, including the control of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria.
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PMID:Oncogene-dependent apoptosis is mediated by caspase-9. 981 57

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. We investigated the antiapoptotic mechanism of Survivin, as well as its expression in 60 human tumor cell lines used for the National Cancer Institute's anticancer drug screening program. In cotransfection experiments, cell death induced by Bax or Fas (CD 95) was partially inhibited (mean +/- SD, 65% +/- 8%) by Survivin, whereas XIAP, another IAP family member, almost completely blocked cell death (93% +/- 4%) under the same conditions. Survivin and XIAP also protected 293 cells from apoptosis induced by overexpression of procaspase-3 and -7 and inhibited the processing of these zymogens into active caspases. In vitro binding experiments indicated that, like other IAP-family proteins, Survivin binds specifically to the terminal effector cell death proteases, caspase-3 and -7, but not to the proximal initiator protease caspase-8. Using a cell-free system in which cytosolic extracts were derived from control- or Survivin-transfected cells and where caspases were activated either by addition of cytochrome c and dATP or by adding recombinant active caspase-8, Survivin was able to substantially reduce caspase activity, as measured by cleavage of a tetrapeptide substrate, AspGluValAsp-aminofluorocoumarin. Similar results were obtained in intact cells when Survivin was overexpressed by gene transfection and caspase activation was induced by the anticancer drug etoposide. Survivin was expressed in all 60 cancer cell lines analyzed, with highest levels in breast and lung cancers and lowest levels in renal cancers. These findings indicate that Survivin, which is commonly expressed in human tumor cell lines, can bind the effector cell death proteases caspase-3 and -7 in vitro and inhibits caspase activity and cell death in cells exposed to diverse apoptotic stimuli. Although quantitative differences may exist, these observations suggest commonality in the mechanisms used by IAP-family proteins to suppress apoptosis.
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PMID:IAP-family protein survivin inhibits caspase activity and apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95), Bax, caspases, and anticancer drugs. 985 56

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 has been implicated as a drug resistance factor in tumor cells grown as spheroids or confluent monolayers. Here, we show that p27Kip1 overexpression also induces resistance to drug-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in human leukemic cells growing in suspension. The anti-apoptotic effect of p27Kip1 is not restricted to DNA-damaging agents but extends to the tubulin poison vinblastin, agonistic anti-Fas antibodies and macromolecule synthesis inhibitors. To further identify at which level this protein interferes with the cell death pathway, we investigated its influence on caspase activation and mitochondrial changes. Exposure of mock-transfected U937 cells to 50 microm etoposide activates procaspase-3 and the long isoform of procaspase-2 and induces mitochondrial potential decrease and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol. All these events are prevented by p27Kip1 overexpression. p27Kip1 does not modulate Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1 and Bax protein level in leukemic cells but suppresses Mcl-1 expression decrease observed in mock-transfected U937 cells undergoing etoposide-induced cell death. We conclude that p27Kip1 prevents cell death upstream of the final pathway common to many apoptotic stimuli that involves cytochrome c release from mitochondria and activation of downstream caspases.
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PMID:p27Kip1 induces drug resistance by preventing apoptosis upstream of cytochrome c release and procaspase-3 activation in leukemic cells. 1005 Aug 78

Here we report that in staurosporine-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells, Bid, a BH3 domain containing protein, translocates from the cytosol to mitochondria. This event is associated with a change in conformation of Bax which leads to the unmasking of its NH2-terminal domain and is accompanied by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. A similar finding is reported for cerebellar granule cells undergoing apoptosis induced by serum and potassium deprivation. The Bax-conformational change is prevented by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL but not by caspase inhibitors. Using isolated mitochondria and various BH3 mutants of Bid, we demonstrate that direct binding of Bid to Bax is a prerequisite for Bax structural change and cytochrome c release. Bcl-xL can inhibit the effect of Bid by interacting directly with Bax. Moreover, using mitochondria from Bax-deficient tumor cell lines, we show that Bid- induced release of cytochrome c is negligible when Bid is added alone, but dramatically increased when Bid and Bax are added together. Taken together, our results suggest that, during certain types of apoptosis, Bid translocates to mitochondria and binds to Bax, leading to a change in conformation of Bax and to cytochrome c release from mitochondria.
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PMID:Bid-induced conformational change of Bax is responsible for mitochondrial cytochrome c release during apoptosis. 1008 89

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis in many cell types, including hepatocytes. We and others have described NO-dependent decreases in caspase activity in cells undergoing apoptosis. However, previous work has not determined whether NO disrupts the proteolytic processing and thus the activation of pro-caspases. Here we report that NO suppresses proteolytic processing and activation of multiple pro-caspases in intact cells, including caspase-3 and caspase-8. We found that both exogenous NO as well as endogenously produced NO via adenoviral inducible NO synthase gene transfer protected hepatocytes from tumor necrosid factor (TNF) alpha plus actinomycin D (TNFalpha/ActD)-induced apoptosis. Affinity labeling with biotin-VAD-fmk of all active caspase species in TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis identified four newly labeled spots (activated caspases) present exclusively in TNFalpha/ActD-treated cells. Both NO and the caspase inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, prevented the appearance of the four newly labeled spots or active caspases. Immunoanalysis of affinity labeled caspases demonstrated that caspase-3 was the major effector caspase. Western blot analysis also identified the activation of caspase-8 in the TNFalpha/ActD-treated cells, and the activation was suppressed by NO. Furthermore, NO inhibited several other events associated with caspase activation in cells, including release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in TNFalpha/ActD-treated cells. These findings indicate the involvement of multiple caspases in TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes and establish the capacity of NO to inhibit not only active caspases but also caspase activation.
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PMID:Nitric oxide suppresses apoptosis via interrupting caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured hepatocytes. 1035 93

In an attempt to characterize the mechanisms that are operative at the early stages of the induction of apoptosis by bufalin, a component of the traditional Chinese medicine chan'su, we examined the effects of bufalin on plasma membrane potential, as determined by monitoring the uptake by cells of rhodamine 123. Bufalin induced apoptosis in human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells, in human lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-3 cells, and in human colon adenocarcinoma COLO320DM cells but not in normal human leukocytes, for example, polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes, and not in murine leukemia P388D1 and M1 cells. Treatment for 3 h with bufalin at 10(-6) M caused a decrease in the plasma membrane potential in several lines of human tumor cells but not in murine leukemia cells. No changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, as monitored with the fluorescent dye JC-1, and no release of cytochrome c were observed within at least 6 h after the start of treatment with bufalin. Moreover, overexpression of bcl-2 in human leukemia HL60 cells that had been transfected with cDNA for bcl-2 prevented bufalin-induced apoptosis but had no significant effect on the change in plasma membrane potential induced by bufalin. Since bufalin specifically inhibits the Na+,K(+)-ATPase of human but not murine tumor cells, and since this inhibition leads to a change in intracellular concentration of Na+ ions, our findings suggest that bufalin induces apoptosis in human tumor cells selectively via inhibition of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase, which acts upstream of the bcl-2 protein.
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PMID:Induction of apoptosis by bufalin in human tumor cells is associated with a change of intracellular concentration of Na+ ions. 1042 18

Curcumin, the active ingredient of the rhizome of Curcuma longa has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Although its precise mode of action remains elusive, studies have shown that chemopreventive action of curcumin might be due to its ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Curcumin was shown to be responsible for the inhibition of AK-5 tumor (a rat histiocytoma) growth by inducing apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells via caspase activation. This study was designed to investigate the mechanism leading to the induction of apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells. Curcumin treatment resulted in the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi(m)) and cytochrome c release to the cytosol, with the concomitant exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) residues on the cell surface. This study suggests redox signalling and caspase activation as the mechanisms responsible for the induction of curcumin mediated apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells.
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PMID:Curcumin mediated apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells involves the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. 1045 30


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