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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of prostatic carcinoma cells in voided urine was seldom noticed and these cells might be hardly distinguished from transitional cell carcinoma cells of the urinary tracts on the Papanicolaou-stained slides. We investigated the cytological findings and the localizations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in 7 cases of prostatic carcinomas (4 adenocarcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma) which showed tumor cells in voided urine. The cytological findings of each histological types were as follows: adenocarcinoma cells were observed in small clusters of round or columnar cells with eccentric nuclei and prominent nucleoli with occasion, squamous cell carcinoma cells were characteristically well-differentiated keratinizing ones varying in shape and in staining reaction, and undifferentiated carcinoma cells were polyhedral and large ones with dense cytoplasm. After destaining of the Papanicolaou-stained slides, the positivity for PSA was demonstrated by immunocytochemical stain with PSA antiserum in cytoplasms of the tumor cells of 6 cases except for 1 undifferentiated carcinoma. We recognized that immunocytochemical detection of PSA was a useful mean in cytological detection for prostatic carcinomas in voided urine.
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PMID:[Cytological and immunocytochemical study of prostatic carcinoma cell in voided urine. Usefulness of prostate-specific antigen in cytology specimen]. 170 46

To evaluate the usefulness of tumor markers in monitoring the patients with prostate cancer, serial measurements of serum prostate-specific antigen (PA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were performed in 78 stage C or D patients. Positive rates of each marker prior to the treatment were as follows; PA; 75%, PAP; 56% and gamma-Sm; 62% in stage C, and PA; 95%, PAP; 79% and gamma-Sm; 91% in stage D. In most cases showing PR (partial response) and S (stable) in clinical responses, these three markers decreased their serum titers corresponding to clinical course if the markers were elevated at the start of the treatment. But the usefulness of PAP was lessened because of its lower positive rate than those of PA and gamma-Sm. In 33 PD (progressive disease) cases, positive rates of each marker at time of clinical diagnosis as PD were found to be 85% in PA, 55% in PAP and 76% in gamma-Sm. And with the combination assays of these three tumor markers, positive rate was elevated to 88%. Moreover, elevation of serum values of these three markers at 3 months before the progression event were observed in 50% of PA, 39% of PAP and 46% of gamma-Sm. Then the prognostic significance of each marker was examined. In PA and PAP, there were statistical differences in non-relapsing rates between patients whose reduction rates from the pretreatment value on 7th day were more than and less than 50%. But in gamma-Sm, a statistical difference between each group was firstly observed on 14th day. As a result, in monitoring patients with prostate cancer, PA and gamma-Sm are more useful than PAP and, in prediction of patients' prognosis, PA is more useful than gamma-Sm.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on tumor markers for monitoring prostate cancer patients; the evaluation of prostate-specific antigen and comparison with prostatic acid phosphatase and gamma-seminoprotein]. 170 55

The preoperative serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PA) were determined in 35 consecutive patients who had clinically localized prostatic cancer and underwent bilateral staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. When 10.0 ng/ml of PA was used as the cutoff value for lymph node staging the specificity of an elevated PA level in revealing lymph node involvement was 77% with a sensitivity of 85% and an accuracy of 80%. Only 1 of 18 (6%) patients with negative PA levels (below 10 ng/ml) and a preoperative Gleason score 2-7 tumor had metastatic lymph node disease. Among the 17 patients with positive PA levels (above 10 ng/ml) or a Gleason score 8-10 tumor, 12 (71%) had lymph node involvement. The preoperative PA level and the extent of local tumor invasion correlated strongly with each other. Our study suggests that the PA level could be a simple and objective parameter with which to predict metastatic lymph node disease if used in conjunction with the Gleason histological grade.
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PMID:Value of prostate-specific antigen measurements in predicting lymph node involvement in prostatic cancer. 170 62

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) designated PD41 (IgG1k) was generated by hyperimmunizing BALB/c mice with a membrane preparation prepared from a moderately to poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma surgical specimen. The immunohistochemical reactivity of MAb PD41 was shown to be highly restricted to the ductal epithelia and secretions of prostate adenocarcinoma tissues. Sixty-five % of the prostate tumor specimens were stained with MAb PD41, whereas no staining of the fetal or benign prostate specimens was observed. PD41 reacted minimally with normal prostate tissues, with less than 1% of the epithelial cells staining. This MAb did not react with nonprostate carcinomas or to a variety of normal human tissues. Using both radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescent procedures, several cultured human tumor cell lines, human blood cells, and purified antigens to prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase also were found not to express the PD41 antigen. MAb PD41 also was shown to bind to the target antigen present in seminal plasma obtained from prostate carcinoma patients but not to seminal plasma from normal donors. Immunoblots of gel-separated components of prostate carcinoma tissue extracts indicate that the molecular weight of the proteins carrying the PD41 antigenic determinant can differ among individual tumors, ranging from Mr 90,000 to greater than 400,000. However, in seminal plasma from prostate cancer patients, the predominant component recognized by PD41 is the diffuse Mr greater than 400,000 band. It appears that this monoclonal antibody may recognize a prostate carcinoma-associated mucin-like antigen, which is preferentially expressed on prostate carcinomas, and therefore, may be a useful marker to distinguish benign prostate hyperplasia from prostate carcinoma.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody PD41 recognizes an antigen restricted to prostate adenocarcinomas. 170 72

Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 2% of primary epithelial malignancies of the urinary bladder. The clinicopathologic features of 72 cases treated at one institution are reported; 22 cases were evaluated immunohistochemically. Twenty-four tumors were urachal and 48 nonurachal. The cases were analyzed according to their stage at presentation, histologic type, and mucin staining; they were tested immunohistochemically to determine their reaction to carcinoembryonic antigen, Leu-M1, prostate-specific antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase. Tumor stage was a highly significant predictor of outcome (P = 0.001). Nonurachal tumors tended to have a worse outcome than urachal, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.07). Histologic type was not a significant predictor of outcome (P = 0.10). For adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder, stage was the most significant predictive factor; separating urachal from nonurachal tumors was important, but mucin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry did not help in this distinction. On occasion, a few tumors may react with some polyclonal antibodies to prostate-specific antigen; thus these results must be interpreted with caution. In these instances, the possibility of using highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies such as the one employed in this study should be considered.
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PMID:Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic analysis of 72 cases. 170 16

The authors evaluated 440 men with clinically staged and untreated prostate cancer with a monoclonal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay. The serum PSA value correlated significantly with both the stage and grade of disease (P less than 0.00005). The relationships between PSA and consecutive Stages A, B, C, and D2 (alpha = 0.15) and between progressive Gleason's scores 2 to 4, 5 to 7, and 8 to 10 (alpha = 0.15) were statistically significant. Also statistically significant was the correlation between serum PSA level and intracapsular versus extracapsular disease (P less than 0.00005), although no one value can be used to differentiate reliably between patients in these two categories. The probability of clinically detectable metastasis (Stage D2) is 85% if the serum PSA level is greater than 30; however, 12% of patients without clinical evidence of metastases (Stages A, B, and C) have such a serum PSA value. Despite the statistically significant association between PSA and tumor differentiation and volume as reflected by tumor grade and clinical stage, this marker cannot be used to determine either for an individual patient.
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PMID:Monoclonal prostate-specific antigen in untreated prostate cancer. Relationship to clinical stage and grade. 170 17

Preoperative intra-individual variation for determinations of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase concentrations, 15-30% in 92 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, limits the diagnostic usefulness of both tumor markers. In benign prostatic hyperplasia (214 patients), concentrations of these tumor markers increased in the initial postoperative period. Prostatic acid phosphatase concentration then decreased by the third postoperative day. Prostate-specific antigen concentration remained above normal in the first postoperative week but had decreased by 42 days. In prostatic carcinoma (46 patients), the concentrations of these tumor markers did not increase postoperatively. During the first week, the concentrations of prostatic acid phosphatase began to fall, but prostate-specific antigen showed a decrease only at 42 days. After orchidectomy (11 patients), the concentrations of both markers had decreased by five days. Concentrations of prostate-specific antigen but not of prostatic acid phosphatase were significantly increased in patients with metastases at 42 days postoperatively. When the concentration of tumor marker did decrease, the magnitude of change was greater for prostatic acid phosphatase than for prostate-specific antigen. These changes were accentuated after an orchidectomy.
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PMID:Measurement of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase concentrations in serum before and 1-42 days after transurethral resection of the prostate and orchidectomy. 171 Sep 53

Prostate cancer, the most prevalent cancer affecting men, frequently metastasizes to the axial skeleton where it produces osteoblastic lesions with growth rates often exceeding that of the primary tumor. To evaluate the role of tumor cell-host stromal interaction and stromal specific growth factors (GFs) in prostate cancer growth and progression, we coinoculated athymic mice with human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) and various nontumorigenic fibroblasts s.c. LNCaP tumor formation was most consistently induced by human bone (MS) fibroblasts (62%), followed by embryonic rat urogenital sinus mesenchymal (rUGM) cells (31%) and Noble rat prostatic fibroblasts (17%), but not by NIH-3T3, normal rat kidney, or human lung CCD16 fibroblasts. Carcinomas formed preferentially in male hosts, demonstrating in vivo androgen sensitivity. The human prostate component of these tumors was confirmed with immunohistochemical staining for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Northern analysis for PSA expression, and Southern analysis for human repetitive Alu sequences. Elevations in serum PSA paralleled the histomorphological and biochemical findings. LNCaP and fibroblast cell-conditioned media (CM) was used to determine whether autocrine and paracrine mitogenic pathways exist between LNCaP and fibroblast cells in vitro, and various defined GFs were tested to identify possible active factors. Mitogenic assays revealed a 200-300% bidirectional stimulation between LNCaP and bone or prostate fibroblast-derived CM. Lung, normal rat kidney, and 3T3 fibroblast CM were not mitogenic for LNCaP cells. Among the purified GFs tested basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was the most potent mitogen, stimulating LNCaP growth 180% in a concentration-dependent manner. Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor were both minimally mitogenic. Coinoculation of LNCaP cells with a slowly absorbed matrix (Gelfoam) absorbed with bFGF or dialyzed and concentrated rUGM or MS CM was also capable of inducing LNCaP tumor formation in vivo. These observations illustrate that fibroblasts differentially modulate prostate cancer growth through the release of paracrine-mediated GFs, possibly including bFGF, and that tumor-stromal cell interactions play an important role in prostate cancer growth and progression.
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PMID:Acceleration of human prostate cancer growth in vivo by factors produced by prostate and bone fibroblasts. 171 49

Immunodiagnosis of prostate cancer is at a more advanced stage than that of most other tumors. Two well-known markers, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen, have been used in the clinical management of patients. Prostate-specific antigen is a more sensitive and reliable marker than prostatic acid phosphatase. Serum prostate-specific antigen is effective in monitoring disease status, predicting recurrence, and detecting residual disease. Prostate-specific antigen is a tool for the histological differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas, especially in the identification of metastatic prostate tumor cells in distant organs and in the differentiation of primary prostate carcinoma from poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Few data on biological function are available. Prostatic acid phosphatase functions as a phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen as a protease. Physiological function in the prostate remains to be elucidated. Several of the prostate-specific and prostate-tumor-associated antigens, as well as a putative prostate tumor-specific antigen, as recognized by monoclonal antibodies are available. Clinical evaluation of these potential markers is not yet available.
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PMID:Prostate cancer-associated markers. 171 65

A quadruple tumor marker serotest assay (neurone-specific enolase, NSE, prostate-specific antigen, PSA, prostatic acid phosphatase, PAP, and carcino-embryonic antigen, CEA) was performed on sera from both 63 patients with untreated prostate cancer and 135 patients treated with orchiectomy, flutamide, diethylstilbestrol (DES), cyproterone acetate (CPA), and Estracyt. In untreated patients with local tumor elevated blood NSE concentrations were found more frequently (10/35, 28.6%) than in untreated subjects with disseminated disease (3/28, 10.7%). Elevated NSE values were measured more frequently in nonresponders to therapy 10/46 (21.7%), than in responders during prostate cancer partial remission (2/89, 2.2%). In none of NSE-positive neoplasms a small cell prostate cancer has been histologically detected. Many of NSE-positive tumors are also closely associated with elevated blood CEA values. The applied anticancer drugs were inefficient in the normalization of neither one from the pair of elevated NSE and CEA concentrations (regardless of the numerical values of the other two markers, PSA and PAP), but their values were found to decline occasionally only after surgical treatment. In patients with raised PSA, PAP, and CEA levels but with a normal NSE value, the application of the same treatment strategies was in the most of subjects sufficient to provoke either temporary or even lasting tumor response to therapy. Hence, it appears that the assessment of the NSE serotest, despite its minimal value in the overall tumor staging and monitoring, might furnish the decision-making step related to the treatment of aggressive prostate cancer with an additional and powerful tool.
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PMID:Investigation on serum neurone-specific enolase in prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring: comparative study of a multiple tumor marker assay. 171 80


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