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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The interrelationship between certain dehydrogenases and a hepatic tumor was studied in mice. A rapidly growing hepatoma, Novikoff hepatoma, was transplantable from rats to mice after serial passages in Sprague-Dawley albino mice. Mice inoculated with viable tumor cell suspension were sacrificed 14, 18, 21 or 34 days thereafter. Hepatic cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were measured in addition to liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and testicular ALDH. Hepatic cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ALDH were markedly inhibited from controls at all time periods studied. Likewise, testicular ALDH was inhibited from respective controls in Novikoff hepatoma-bearing mice. No changes were measurable in hepatic ADH of hepatoma-bearing mice. The enzyme kinetics studied show a reduction in Vmax and an alteration in the apparent Km 34 days after tumor inoculation. Further analyses of hepatic mitochondrial ALDH showed that the inhibition was similarly present in the enzyme with the low and the high Km property. The results suggest that changes in the specific activity and property of ALDH may be a useful tool as a biochemical concomitant to both development and progression of the hepatoma studied.
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PMID:Hepatic and testicular aldehyde dehydrogenase in tumor-bearing mice. 639 79

The purification and properties of 4 inducible cytosolic rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes are described. Based on their behavior during purification and their properties, the activities can be grouped into 2 classes. The isozyme inducible in normal liver by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and the tumor-specific isozyme found in hepatocellular carcinomas have apparent molecular weights of 110,000, prefer NADP+ as coenzyme, and preferentially oxidize benzaldehyde-like aromatic aldehydes, but not phenylacetaldehyde. They also have identical pH profiles and responses to effectors. These isozymes differ slightly in isoelectric point and thermal stability. The normal liver phenobarbital-inducible isozyme and the isozyme appearing during the promotion phase of hepatocarcinogenesis appear to be identical. Both have apparent molecular weights of 165,000, are NAD-specific and prefer aliphatic aldehydes. They can oxidize phenylacetaldehyde, but not benzaldehyde-like aromatic aldehydes. They also have identical pH and thermal stability profiles and responses to effectors. While the 4 inducible isozymes share identical subunit molecular weights (54,000) with the normal liver millimolar Km aldehyde dehydrogenases, they are distinctly different enzymatic species. The interrelationships of the various normal liver and inducible rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenases are discussed.
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PMID:Rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. II. Isolation and characterization of four inducible isozymes. 648 May 94

A cyclophosphamide-resistant L1210 cell line has been shown to have unusually high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The sensitivity of this cell line to 4-methylcyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard in vivo and corresponding sensitivities in vitro indicate that 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and/or aldophosphamide is the form in which cyclophosphamide reaches these tumor cells in mice and that intracellular aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is an important determinant of cyclophosphamide sensitivity in these leukemia cell lines.
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PMID:Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in cyclophosphamide-resistant L1210 leukemia. 648 75

Significant changes in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity occur during rat hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. An NADP-dependent tumor ALDH isozyme has been studied extensively. To better understand the nature, origin, and importance of this tumor-associated phenotypic change, we have examined the ALDH activity of five well-established rat hepatoma cell lines, H4-II-EC3, HTC, McA-RH7777, JM1, and JM2. HTC, JM1, and JM2 express the tumor ALDH phenotype, as indicated by elevated NADP-dependent, benzaldehyde-oxidizing activity, the appearance of new isozymes by electrophoresis, and characteristic histochemical localization of ALDH activity in situ. The tumor ALDH phenotype is not detected in McA-RH7777 cells. H4-II-EC3 has intermediate tumor ALDH activity. Thus, the 5 cell lines provide a spectrum of tumor ALDH activities representative of the range of activities seen in vivo. Benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and phenobarbital induce hepatic ALDH activity after treatment in vivo. The ability of these compounds to induce ALDH in vitro was assessed in H4-II-EC3, McA-RH7777, HTC, JM1, and JM2. Treatment of cell cultures for 72 hr with 3-methylcholanthrene (1.0 mM) increases the NADP-dependent ALDH activity in H4-II-EC3 and McA-RH7777 cell lines up to 34- and 11-fold, respectively. Treatment with benzo(a)pyrene (1.0 mM) also increases the NADP-dependent ALDH activity in both lines up to 17- and 48-fold, respectively. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene or benzo(a)pyrene increases ALDH activity 2-fold in HTC and JM2 but does not increase NADP-dependent ALDH activity in JM1. Only marginal increases in NADP-dependent ALDH are observed after phenobarbital treatment in 4 of 5 cell lines. The induction of ALDH is blocked by actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin, and cycloheximide. These studies support our hypothesis that changes in ALDH activity observed in vivo are due to mutational events occurring in initiated cells. It appears that rat hepatoma cell lines will provide an in vitro model for studying genetic regulation of the tumor ALDH.
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PMID:Regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in five rat hepatoma cell lines. 648 82

In aromatic amine-induced rat hepatomas, the aldehyde dehydrogenase (AIDH) phenotype is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of normal liver. To identify the mechanism(s) underlying the expression of the tumor-specific AIDHs, we have followed the time course of appearance of the new phenotype during hepatoma formation in Sprague-Dawley rats following brief dietary exposures to 2-acetylaminofluorene (0.02%; 32 days). Tumor promotion by phenobarbital (0.05% in the diet) was also used to compare the effects of a variety of tumor induction protocols on the AIDH phenotype. No change in the AIDH phenotype is detectable by total activity assay, gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, or immunochemical methods during or following exposure to carcinogen or promoter until tumors are grossly observed in liver. Concomitant with tumor appearance, the tumor-specific AIDH phenotype appears. The phenotypic change is limited to the tumor; morphologically and histologically normal liver directly adjacent to the tumor and normal lobes of a tumor-bearing liver do not possess the tumor AIDH phenotype. No correlation exists between tumor size and the degree of deviation of the AIDH phenotype from normal. Nor is there any correlation between the degree of AIDH phenotype deviation and the histology of the various tumors observed. We conclude that the tumor-specific AIDH phenotype is not associated with altered liver metabolism due directly to carcinogen or promoter exposure. Rather, the mechanism of this phenotypic change requires that transformation-associated, stable genetic changes occur in the cells affected by carcinogen that are later expressed as the altered AIDH phenotype.
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PMID:Expression of the tumor aldehyde dehydrogenase phenotype during 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. 705 5

A significant change in hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity has been observed in normal Sprague-Dawley rat liver during the promotion phase of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by brief feeding of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) followed by tumor promotion using dietary phenobarbital (PB) exposure. Animals receiving only 2-AAF or PB do not possess this new aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The phenotype is characterized by the appearance of a new cytosolic isozyme kinetically, electrophoretically and immunochemically distinct from the normal liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes and from aldehyde dehydrogenases inducible in 2-AAF-induced hepatomas. The new isozyme is NAD-dependent, disulfiram-sensitive and cross-reacts with antiserum to a normal liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inducible in several lines of rats by PB. However, the population of animals used in this study has been shown previously to be non-responsive to aldehyde dehydrogenase induction by dietary PB. Since no animals receiving only PB express this new isozyme, the carcinogen must play a significant role in its induction. Moreover, that not all animals receiving carcinogen and promoter possess the phenotype suggests this carcinogen/promoter interaction has a genetic basis.
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PMID:Sequential 2-acetylaminofluorene--phenobarbital exposure induces a cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. 709 12

The subcellular distribution and properties of four aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes (I-IV) identified in 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced rat hepatomas and three aldehyde dehydrogenase (I-III) identified in normal rat liver are compared. In normal liver, mitochondria (50%) and microsomes (27%) possess the majority of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH), with cytosol possessing little activity. Isozymes I-III can be identified in both fractions and can be differentiated on the basis of substrate and coenzyme specificity, substrate Km, inhibition by disulfiram and anti-hepatoma aldehyde dehydrogenase sera, and/or isoelectric point. Hepatomas possess considerable cytosolic AlDH (20%), in addition to mitochondrial (23%) and microsomal (35%) activity. Although isozymes I-III are present in tumor mitochondria and microsomes, little isozyme I or II is found in cytosol. Hepatoma cytosolic AlDH is composed (50%) of a hepatoma-specific isozyme (IV), differing in several properties from isozymes I-III; the remainder of the tumor cytosolic activity is due to isozyme III (48%). The data indicate that expression of the tumor-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase phenotype requires both qualitative and quantitative changes involving cytosolic and microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase. The qualitative change requires the derepression of a gene for an aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in normal liver only following exposure to potentially harmful xenobiotics. The quantitative change involves both an increase in activity and change in subcellular location of a basal, normal liver AlDH isozyme.
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PMID:Properties of aldehyde dehydrogenas from chemically-induced rat hepatomas and normal rat liver. 742 44

Naturally processed self-peptides bound to human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I molecules of human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (HLA-A2.1, -B44, -B13) in vivo were isolated for sequence analysis. Acid-eluted peptides were subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and single-fraction sequencing was performed by Edman degradation. The peptides were found to be octamers or nonamers and they were derived from the processing of intracellular proteins. Three independent sequences were obtained from HLA-A2.1 molecules. One of the peptides showed sequence homology to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S protein, one to aldehyde dehydrogenase, and the other to no known protein. Two independent sequences were obtained from HLA-B44, B13 molecules: one showed sequence homology to the human c-abl protein, the other showed no homology to any known protein. A synthetic biotinylated peptide based on the HBV pre-S peptide sequence was confirmed to bind to HLA-A2.1 gene-transfected L cells. These data suggested that peptides potentially recognized by cytotoxic T cells can bind to HLA class I molecules on tumor cells in vivo.
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PMID:Analysis of naturally processed human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class I-bound peptides from hepatocellular carcinoma tissues in vivo. 749 16

This study attempts to measure the quantitative contribution of major chemical fractions of the whole bovine cornea to ultraviolet (UV) absorption between 240 and 300 nm, with special attention to the biologically significant range of 290-300 nm. The cornea was divided into water-insoluble, nonprotein small water-soluble, water-soluble protein, and lipid-soluble fractions. The insoluble fraction (largely collagen) was solubilized by enzymatic digestion. Solutions of individual fractions equivalent to a constant mass of fresh cornea were scanned for absorption from 240 to 300 nm. The sum of the absorbances of the individual fractions closely approximated the absorbance of whole corneas at all wavelengths examined. The extinction coefficients of the lipid and water-soluble fractions were several times greater than that of the insoluble fraction throughout the studied spectrum. Yet, because of its large mass (75% of cornea dry weight), the insoluble fraction accounted for 40-50% of UV absorbance between 240 and 280 nm. However, in the range of 290-300 nm, the water-soluble plus lipid-soluble fractions accounted for 60-65% of the total absorption, with the water-soluble proteins alone accounting for 40-45% of the total. The soluble proteins comprised only approximately 17% of the cornea's dry weight. The special contribution of the water-soluble proteins to absorption was attributed to their relatively high tryptophan content (approximately 1.6% by weight). A 54-kDa protein, identified by others as tryptophan-rich, tumor-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase, accounted for approximately 30% of the total soluble protein mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Quantitation of ultraviolet light-absorbing fractions of the cornea. 760 Aug 10

Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), an enzyme responsible for oxidizing intracellular aldehydes, has an important role in ethanol, vitamin A, and cyclophosphamide metabolism. High expression of this enzyme in primitive stem cells from multiple tissues, including bone marrow and intestine, appears to be an important mechanism by which these cells are resistant to cyclophosphamide. However, although hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) express high levels of cytosolic ALDH, isolating viable HSC by their ALDH expression has not been possible because ALDH is an intracellular protein. We found that a fluorescent aldehyde, dansyl aminoacetaldehyde (DAAA), could be used in flow cytometry experiments to isolate viable mouse and human cells based on their ALDH content. The level of dansyl fluorescence exhibited by cells after incubation with DAAA paralleled cytosolic ALDH levels determined by Western blotting and the sensitivity of the cells to cyclophosphamide. Moreover, DAAA appeared to be a more sensitive means of assessing cytosolic ALDH levels than Western blotting. Bone marrow progenitors treated with DAAA proliferated normally. Furthermore, marrow cells expressing high levels of dansyl fluorescence after incubation with DAAA were enriched for hematopoietic progenitors. The ability to isolate viable cells that express high levels of cytosolic ALDH could be an important component of methodology for identifying and purifying HSC and for studying cyclophosphamide-resistant tumor cell populations.
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PMID:Assessment of aldehyde dehydrogenase in viable cells. 774 35


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