Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For evaluating the clinical significance of thyroglobulin measurements for the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, thyroglobulin was determined radioimmunologically during the past 2 years (up to 12 times) in 40 patients after withdrawal of thyroid hormone. Thyroglobulin values were compared with whole-body scintigrams after radioiodine. Thyroglobulin antibodies, which may interfere in the radioimmunoassay for thyroglobulin, were also estimated by a radioimmunologic method. In the majority of cases, thyroglobulin levels corresponded to the scintigrams, however, the thyroglobulin level appeared to be a more precise index for changes in tumor tissue mass. In one patient the scintigram was negative, whereas considerable amounts of thyroglobulin were measured in the serum: X-ray tomography revealed a lung metastase in this case. On the other hand, thyroglobulin was undetectable in the sera of patients who exhibited distinct metastases in the scintigram. Thyroglobulin can be regarded as a tumor marker in patients thyroidectomized for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. However, its determination can certainly not replace whole-body scintigraphy as postulated by several authors, although thyroglobulin measurement appears to be superior to scanning in some cases. A combined application of iodine scanning and thyroglobulin radioimmunoassay is thus advisable in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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PMID:[Significance of thyroglobulin as a tumor marker in the serum of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: longitudinal and cross-sectional studies (author's transl)]. 704 10

Thyroglobulin (TG) is a glycoprotein which has been found to be produced by almost all nonmedullary thyroid cancers, and is present in elevated levels in the serum of most patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. It has long been a clinical impression that many metastatic thyroid cancers are "responsive" to TSH suppression as manifested by a decrease in the size and/or symptoms of the tumor. Five athyroid patients with metastatic thyroid cancer were studied to determine the effect of TSH stimulation on their serum TG levels and attempt to correlate this effect with their clinical response. Three of the five patients showed a definite rise in their serum TG once serum thyroxine (T4Y replacement was withdrawn, which correlated with an increase in TSH, and two of these patients have had no progression of their disease while on T4 suppression. The remaining two patients have shown no change in their TG levels after T4 withdrawal, and both have had progression of their metastatic disease while on T4 suppression. Thus, we see that in some patients, TG production by their metastatic thyroid cancer is responsive to TSH suppression, and there is some suggestion that TSH-responsive cancers are less aggressive; but it will require further studies to determine this.
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PMID:Effect of TSH stimulation on serum thyroglobulin in metastatic thyroid cancer. 739 41

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements are used as a tumor marker for monitoring patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The clinical utility of six different Tg methods [RIA or immunometric assay (IMA)] currently used in Europe and the US was evaluated, with focus on methodologic standardization, sensitivity, interassay precision across the typical clinical monitoring interval (6 to 12 months), "hook" effects (IMA methods), and Tg autoantibody interference. The methods evaluated were: DYNOtest Tg (Henning), OptiQuant Tg (Kronus), SELco Tg (Medipan), Thyroglobulin IRMA (Pasteur), Nichols Chemiluminescent ICMA (Corning Nichols), and an RIA developed by us (USC Endocrine Services Laboratory). The clinical impact of the current methodologic problems on the use of serum Tg measurements is reviewed. Optimal performance goals are recommended for manufacturers developing and laboratories and physicians selecting a serum Tg method to use for serial long-term monitoring of thyroid cancer patients.
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PMID:Current status and performance goals for serum thyroglobulin assays. 902 55

Histomorphological patterns of twenty primary medullary carcinomas of the thyroid were studied by light and polarized microscopy in relation to the content of calcitonin and thyroglobulin determined by the immunoperoxidase method: Out of 20 tumors, 10 showed classical, 7 glandular and 3 insular histomorphological pattern. In 19/20 cases, the cytoplasm of tumor cells contained various amounts of calcitonin, and the intensity of Immunoreaction was strong in 2/19, moderate in 7/19 and weak in 10/19 cases. Tumor stroma contained calcitonin in 7/20 cases. In 1/20 case, which did not show calcitonin immunoreactivity in the cell cytoplasm, the stroma contained a considerable amount of calcitonin. Thyroglobulin immunoreactivity was found in 4/20 tumors, 2 of them with classic and 2 with glandular histomorphological picture only in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. These tumors are considered medullary carcinomas with thyroglobulin immunoreactivity, since they do not fulfil the WHO criteria for "mixed medullary-follicular carcinomas".
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: histomorphological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of twenty cases. 863 Apr 53

We describe an unusual case of a thyroid carcinoma exhibiting glandular and sarcomatous features. The tumor occurred in a 16-year-old girl. Histologic study of the resected thyroid gland revealed an encapsulated tumor composed predominantly of glandular structures and some solid areas. In the glandular areas, the tumor cells showed a cribriform growth pattern, and neither colloid secretion into the lumen nor clear-cut cytologic features suggestive of papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma were observed. In the solid areas, tumor cells became spindled and showed a sarcomatous arrangement with occasional whorl formation. A transition from the glandular areas to the solid ones was observed. Immunohistochemical study revealed that tumor cells were positive focally for epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin and secretory component. Thyroglobulin was positive only in a few and limited areas of the glandular component. Calcitonin was negative throughout the tumor. The histologic and immunohistochemical evidence indicates that this tumor is of thyroid origin and is probably derived from thyroid follicular cells. The histology of this tumor is unique, so we report this case briefly.
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PMID:Encapsulated follicular thyroid carcinoma exhibiting glandular and spindle cell components. A case report. 868 44

99mTc-MIBI is widely used as a tumor-seeking agent for parathyroid tumor, lung cancer, etc. We tried to detect the metastatic lesions of thyroid cancer by 99mTc-MIBI SPECT and evaluated 131I-uptake in the region of 99mTc-MIBI accumulation. Twenty-seven cases of thyroid cancer (23 papillary adenocarcinoma, 3 follicular adenocarcinoma, 1 unknown) were examined by 99mTc-MIBI. All cases were confirmed by surgery. Thyroglobulin was measured in all cases before 99mTc-MIBI SPECT. 131I-therapy (4.5-5.5 GBq) was performed on 24 patients and whole body scintigram was taken 7-10 days after. Thirty minutes after an injection of 99mTc-MIBI (740 MBq), SPECT with a three-head gamma camera was performed. Abnormal accumulation of 99mTc-MIBI was noted in 14 patients, all cases detected on CT or MRI. In 11 of the 13 cases in which accumulation was not visualized, no metastasis was detected. Most cases of abnormal accumulation on 99mTc-MIBI showed a high level of thyroglobulin. Metastatic lesions of follicular adenocarcinoma in three patients (right humerus, axillary region and sternum) showed strong accumulation of 99mTc-MIBI, and 131I was strongly taken up in these lesions. 131I was also taken up in the metastatic lesions of papillary adenocarcinoma with marked accumulation of 99mTc-MIBI. 99mTc-MIBI did not accumulate in a case with diffuse pulmonary uptake of 131I. 99mTc-MIBI SPECT could detect occult metastatic lesions in the soft tissue more clearly than CT or MRI. In conclusion, 99mTc-MIBI study might be useful as a follow-up study of patients after surgery for thyroid cancer.
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PMID:[Usefulness of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in the metastatic lesions of thyroid cancer]. 907 95

Poorly differentiated ("insular") carcinoma of the thyroid shares insular, trabecular, and solid histological patterns that are different from those of papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic varieties. This tumor is situated morphologically and biologically in the intermediate position between the well differentiated (papillary and follicular) and the totally undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid tumors. We report two cases of insular carcinoma of the thyroid, occurring in 39-year-old and 52-year-old women. Grossly, these cases showed a lobulated mass with fibrous septa. The histologic finding showed characteristic "insular" growth pattern with focal follicular or papillary areas. Thyroglobulin was demonstrated within cytoplasmic paranuclear vacuoles of the neoplastic cells. Calcitonin and amyloid were not demonstrated. The aspiration cytology showed high cellularity, low grade of atypia, presence of clusters, nests, and trabeculae of cells with poorly outlined cytoplasm. The ultrastructural finding showed primordial cells having cytoplasmic organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and free ribosomes. We believe that its separation from other types of thyroid carcinoma will lead to a more accurate estimate of its biologic behavior and a more appropriate therapeutic approach.
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PMID:Poorly differentiated ("insular") carcinoma of the thyroid gland--two cases report. 914 65

We have studied human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression on thyroid epithelial cells (TEC) from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tissues xenografted into two different mouse strains [the severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse, which accepts human tissue with lymphocytes; and the nude mouse, which accepts the tissue but destroys all passenger lymphocytes]. Human PTC [PTC/TIL (PTC with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) and PTC/PTC (PTC without tumor infiltrating lymphocytes)], Graves' disease (GD), and normal thyroid (N) tissues were xenografted sc into 22 SCID and 21 nude mice. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks for measurement of human IgG and thyroid antibodies. Seven weeks after xenografting, xenografted thyroid tissues were analyzed for thyrocyte HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression. SCID mice xenografted with PTC/TIL (PTC/TIL-SCID) manifested IgG production for 6 weeks, but nude mice showed diminished and disappearing IgG production from these xenografts. Thyroperoxidase (TPO)-antibody (Ab)(TPO-Ab) was not detectable in PTC/TIL-SCID despite the presence of TPO-Ab in some donors. Thyroglobulin-Ab (Tg-Ab) was detectable in all mice of PTC/TIL-SCID. Thyrocyte HLA-DR expression from PTC-SCID was markedly increased, compared with that from nude mice xenografts or from N xenografts in SCID mice. In addition, thyrocyte HLA-DR expression from PTC-nude was markedly increased, compared with the expression seen in GD-nude and N-nude xenografts. ICAM-1 expression on TEC from PTC xenografts in the SCID mouse was markedly increased, compared with N xenografts. ICAM-1 expression on TEC from PTC did not show any difference between SCID and nude mice. ICAM-1 expression on TEC from PTC xenografts in the nude mice was markedly increased, compared with those from GD and N xenografts. In conclusion, TIL in PTC produce Tg-Ab but do not produce TPO-Ab. HLA-DR expression on TEC from PTC is strongly constitutive, but it is also affected by TIL. TIL might have some role in control of PTC through partial expression of HLA-DR on TEC. ICAM-1 expression on TEC from PTC seems to be entirely constitutive, and it is not affected by the presence of local lymphocytes, in contrast to autoimmune thyroid disease.
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PMID:Is human leukocyte antigen-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on human thyrocytes constitutive in papillary thyroid cancer? Comparative studies in human thyroid xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient and nude mice. 943 34

During the course of tumor progression the differentiated morphologic and functional characteristics of differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) disappear. This corresponds to more aggressive growth, metastatic spread, and loss of iodine uptake. Experimental data give strong evidence that differentiated functions of iodine metabolism can be reinduced by retinoic acids. Results of a study performed in patients with advanced DTC are presented. Twenty patients with DTC (eight follicular, seven papillary, five oxyphilic) were selected for treatment with retinoic acid 1.5 mg/kg body weight/day over 5 weeks. All patients had advanced tumor stages with prior operative and radioiodine treatment. Extensive tumor invasion, distant metastatic spread, or insufficient or no radioiodine uptake precluded any conventional therapeutic option. The aim was to assess the changes under retinoid treatment. Iodine uptake increased in eight patients (three follicular, three papillary, two oxyphilic). Thyroglobulin (TG) as parameter for tumor mass and differentiation increased in 12 (63%) patients, decreased in 6 (32%), and did not change in 1 (5%). Retinoids do have an effect on differentiation status of DTC, reinducing iodine uptake in 50% of patients. TG levels do not always parallel a response in iodine uptake.
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PMID:Redifferentiation therapy with retinoids: therapeutic option for advanced follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma. 959 30

We report on a patient with a follicular Hurthle cell carcinoma in whom distant metastases were initially radioiodine negative or only weakly positive. Redifferentiation therapy with 13-cis retinoic acid induced a significant radioiodine uptake in metastatic tissue. Thyroglobulin (Tg) immunostaining and autoradiography of a bone metastasis in the right femur, which was initially radioiodine negative, proved Tg synthesis, combined with iodine incorporation into tumor cells. Glucose metabolism in metastases was partially increased and partially unchanged after redifferentiation therapy. The distinct increase of serum Tg after retinoic acid treatment was interpreted as a functional sign of redifferentiation.
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PMID:Redifferentiation therapy with retinoic acid in follicular thyroid cancer. 974 42


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