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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bronchial carcinoids and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are currently recognized as neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms. However, non-SCLC (NSCLC) may also express NE properties. Paraffin-embedded sections of a comprehensive panel of 113 lung carcinomas were analyzed for the expression of three general markers common to all NE cells, namely, chromogranin A, Leu-7 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), five specific NE secretory products, and four other tumor markers by immunohistochemistry using the sensitive avidin-biotinylated peroxidase technique. The authors were able to demonstrate the following: (1) most, but not all carcinoids and SCLCs expressed multiple NE markers in a high percentage of tumor cells; (2) up to a half of NSCLC cases contained small subpopulations of cells expressing NE in a high percentage of tumor cells; (2) up to half of NSCLC cases contained small subpopulations of cells expressing NE markers; and (3) occasional NSCLCs showed staining patterns indistinguishable from SCLC. Specifically, 7 of 77 NSCLCs expressed four or more NE markers. NE markers in NSCLCs were more commonly expressed in adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas and rarely in squamous cell carcinomas. For comparison, the mean number of NE markers expressed by all cases of NSCLC was 1.5, carcinoids 6.0, and SCLCs 3.8. Individual "marker counts" were not useful in categorizing lung tumors as carcinoids and SCLC versus NSCLC. Instead, 95% of the tumors were correctly classified, applying a statistical model created from staining indices of the three general NE markers (chromogranin A, Leu-7, NSE) and three other tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, keratin, vimentin). Because NSCLCs with NE features might have different clinical characteristics than other NSCLCs, immunohistochemistry provides an effective manner to identify this biologically interesting subset of NSCLCs in routine paraffin sections.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in endocrine and nonendocrine lung carcinomas. 284 8

Filter in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used to detect the presence of DNA of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 or 16/18 in cell scrapes (CYTOFISH) and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies (HISTOFISH) taken from the uterine cervices of 19 women. Paraffin tissue sections collected for HISTOFISH were either digested with pepsin or lysed with alkali/Triton X-100. The digest or lysate of the tissue sections and cell scrapes were applied to nylon or nitrocellulose membranes for nucleic acid hybridisation using 32P-labeled HPV-DNA probes. CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH were compared directly by taking samples for each method from the cervices of the same women. Of 19 women examined by colposcopy, cytology, and histology, eight were assessed as normal and 11 had evidence of a cervical disorder and/or the presence of HPV infection. Whereas no HPV-DNA was detected in the normal cases, the presence of HPV-DNAs was detected by both CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH in 11 cases with histological evidence of HPV infection and/or dysplasia. In these HPV positive cases, eight contained HPV 16/18, two HPV 6/11, and one a mixed infection of HPV 6/11/16/18. The high correlation between the results of CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH shows that formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical biopsies are suitable specimens for the detection and typing of HPV-DNA by FISH. Both CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH should facilitate studies on the prevalence and distribution of HPVs and their association with neoplasia.
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PMID:Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cell scrapes and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of the uterine cervix by filter in situ hybridisation. 285 Mar 43

Fifty-one primary human breast tumors were analyzed for amplification of the c-erbB-2 protooncogene. Thirteen (25%) of the DNA samples contained multiple gene copies. Paraffin-embedded tumor sections, available from 47 of the cases, were stained with a c-erbB-2 specific antiserum. Eighty-three % (10 of 12) of the tumors containing amplified c-erbB-2 gene copies stained positively with the c-erbB-2 specific antiserum (P = 0.03). Thirteen tumors containing single copy c-erbB-2 sequences also stained positively with the antiserum. This suggests that mechanisms other than gene amplification may lead to elevated levels of c-erbB-2 protein. Finally, there was a statistically significant correlation between c-erbB-2 protein expression and parameters used in breast cancer prognosis. Positive staining was associated with positive nodal status of the patient (P = 0.02) and with tumors showing a poor nuclear grade (P = 0.02). This is the first study showing that a determination of the level of c-erbB-2 protein in paraffin-embedded tumor sections may have prognostic value for the course of human breast cancer.
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PMID:Correlation of c-erbB-2 gene amplification and protein expression in human breast carcinoma with nodal status and nuclear grading. 289 63

Frozen sections of eight primary malignant lymphomas of the brain were examined by the immunohistochemical methods using a panel of monoclonal and heterologous antibodies to B lymphocyte (immunoglobulins, BA-1, Leu-12 and HLA-DR), T lymphocyte (OKT-11 and Leu-1) and monocyte (OKM-1) surface markers. Paraffin sections were also used in the examination of cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. Surface and/or cytoplasmic immunoglobulins (Ig) were observed in seven cases, four of which were shown to be distinctly monoclonal and the other three less so. The remaining 1 case showed no distinct staining for Ig. BA-1, Leu-12 and HLA-DR stainings were positive in four, four and five cases, respectively. The marker phenotypes of (BA-1, Leu-12, HLA-DR) were shown to be (+, +, +) in one lymphoma, (+, -, -) in three, (-, +, +,) in three, and (-, -, +) in one. Thus, it was demonstrated that the present lymphoma cases showed a marked immunological heterogeneity, and it was shown that all of them including the Ig-negative case revealed one or more of these three additional B cell markers, indicating B cell lineage of these cases. Examination of T cell and monocyte markers revealed positive staining in normal or reactive lymphoid cells distributed around blood vessels or sporadically in tumor tissues, but not in lymphoma cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen was not demonstrated in the seven cases examined, making it unlikely that these lymphomas were related with EBV infection.
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PMID:Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain: an immunohistochemical study of eight cases using a panel of monoclonal and heterologous antibodies. 302 32

Paraffin-embedded tissue sections taken from 16 patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans were stained by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique using antibodies against S 100 protein, NSE, Leu 7, lysozyme, alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, cytokeratin, desmin, vimentin, and factor VIII. Most of the tumor cells showed positive reactions to vimentin. Only 1-3% of the cells within the tumor area answered to the histiocytic markers lysozyme, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin. The remaining antibodies investigated did not react with the tumor cells. Our results support a fibroblastic, and contradict a neural or histiocytic, histogenesis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical studies of the histogenesis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]. 305 28

Cytochemical assessments of the nuclear DNA contents in carcinomas of the breast can be used for both prognostic and diagnostic purposes. Two main techniques are currently being used, viz. flow cytometry (FCM) and microspectrophotometry (MSP). An account of their advantages and disadvantages is given. In addition, an old, rather crude, cytophotometric technique can be used for histopathological sections of paraffin-embedded specimens. The principal sampling procedures are fine-needle aspiration biopsy and the so-called imprint technique, where the specimens are made from the cut surface of the freshly excised operation specimen. Paraffin-embedded histopathological material can also be used, applying a newly developed MSP procedure, where isolated nuclei from deparaffinized/disintegrated specimens are analyzed. Most important is that intact cell nuclei, representative for the whole tumour nodule, can be obtained. The simultaneous use of FCM and MSP is also of utmost importance for the reliability in the interpretation of the results. Then, a kind of "DNA malignancy grading" is obtained that in several investigations has proven itself to be an excellent prognosticating tool that can be used for making an adequate choice of therapy for the individual patient. The diagnostic value of the results of the cytochemically assessed nuclear DNA distribution patterns is not so high as the prognostic one. Tumours with a diploid type of nuclear DNA content can be found both among benign and malignant neoplasms. However, a neoplasm with an aneuploid DNA distribution pattern can almost certainly be considered highly malignant.
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PMID:Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytochemically assessed nuclear DNA contents in human adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland. 306 2

Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 29 patients with primary liver carcinomas were retrospectively studied for the presence of estradiol and testosterone using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Twenty-seven hepatomas and two cholangiomas were treated with antiestradiol and antitestosterone primary serum. Estradiol was detected in 17 cases and testosterone in 11 cases of hepatomas. The two cases of cholangiocarcinoma were positive for estradiol and negative for testosterone. The immunohistochemical reaction in the tumor cells was mainly cytoplasmic and in a few cases both cytoplasmic and intranuclear. The positivity of the reaction in the tumour cells was compared with that of the adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissue and bile duct cells. Our findings were also analyzed in relation to tumor differentiation and the age and sex of the patients.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of sex steroid hormones in primary liver cancer. 307 82

Paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 157 ovarian cancer patients were analyzed by DNA flow cytometry. Tumor ploidy had prognostic significance in both early and advanced ovarian cancer. After adjusting for stage, residual tumor mass, histopathologic type, treatment, and age of patient in a Cox regression analysis, the relative risk of death was two-fold higher in single DNA-aneuploid and sixfold higher in DNA-multiploid tumors as compared to DNA-diploid tumors (P less than 0.0001). A tetraploid DNA index was associated with a relatively low risk ratio, whereas hypertetraploid tumors were highly malignant. S-phase fraction (SPF) had prognostic value especially in DNA-diploid tumors. The simultaneous evaluation of DNA index, the number of aneuploid cell clones, and SPF gave more prognostic information than the determination of tumor ploidy alone. On the basis of these parameters we have developed a classification of tumor DNA histograms for better prognostic assessment of ovarian cancer.
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PMID:Prognostic significance of DNA index, multiploidy, and S-phase fraction in ovarian cancer. 333 68

Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens from 26 infants and children with medulloblastomas treated between 1972 and 1981 were examined for DNA ploidy by flow cytometry (FCM). All patients received a standard treatment (a combination of maximum debulking of medulloblastoma and postoperative craniospinal irradiation with a posterior fossa boost of 5000 rad or more). They were studied to correlate the results of the findings of FCM DNA analysis with their final outcome, DNA ploidy, and extent of tumor resection. All seven patients with totally resected aneuploid medulloblastoma are alive, whereas only one of six patients with subtotally resected diploid medulloblastoma is alive (P = 0.0047). The current study suggests both DNA ploidy and extent of surgical resection are the most important determinant of patients' prognosis. Patients in selected group, particularly those with subtotally resected diploid tumor, are advised to undergo aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy.
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PMID:Flow cytometric DNA analysis of medulloblastoma. Prognostic implication of aneuploidy. 333 37

Paraffin sections of 106 primary thyroid carcinomas were the subject of an immunocytochemical study to determine the density of infiltrates of S-100 protein-positive dendritic/Langerhans cells (LC), lysozyme-positive histiocytes, and LCA-positive lymphocytes. Evidence of dense infiltrates of LCs was found only in the majority of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PCs). The determination of the quantity of LCs proved to be a highly effective means of assessing the prognosis of these tumors. Irrespective of other morphologic and clinical features, no single instance of death resulting from cancer occurred among 23 PCs with dense LC infiltrates (including 6 tumors of stage pT4), while 9 of 53 (17%) of the remaining patients ultimately died from thyroid cancer. On the other hand, the degree of histiocytic and lymphocytic infiltrations was not associated with a distinct biologic behavior neither among PC nor among the remaining thyroid carcinomas. These findings suggest that LCs may play an important role in the immunologic defense mechanisms of the host against the tumor only in the papillary type of thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Dendritic/Langerhans cells and prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas. Immunocytochemical study of 106 thyroid neoplasms correlated to follow-up data. 334 66


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