Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a sensitive tumor marker for cancer of the prostate, has yet to be defined in patients treated with radiotherapy. To evaluate this, PSA and acid phosphatase (AP) were measured prospectively in 110 sequential patients who presented with locoregional carcinoma of the prostate and in whom radiotherapy was to be definitive treatment. Therapy was divided into the following treatment groups: external-beam radiotherapy alone (EBRT), EBRT with brachytherapy (EBRT + B), and hormone therapy either pre-EBRT or post-EBRT (EBRT + H). All patients have been followed for 1 to 17 months and a total of 521 posttreatment PSA determinations have been made. In 91 of 110 patients (83%) PSA was elevated pretreatment and correlated with clinical stage and subsequent relapse. There was no association with Gleason grade, assigned treatment group, or lymph node involvement. Acid phosphatase was elevated in only 31% of the patients initially and had no predictive value in subsequent failure. Nine patients have developed local and/or distant recurrence. None of the patients who failed had their PSA return to normal whereas 74 of 101 (73%) of the remainder have done so. Levels of PSA that do not return to normal during follow-up probably indicate active disease, often without evidence of clinical relapse. The authors conclude that PSA is a useful tumor marker for monitoring response to radiotherapy and may be a predictor of eventual failure thus identifying patients eligible for early intervention therapy as and when it becomes available.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen. Monitoring the response of carcinoma of the prostate to radiotherapy with a new tumor marker. 169 77

The isolation and purification of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the development of a radioimmunoassay for this antigen represent major advancements for the detection of adenocarcinoma of the prostate and the monitoring of response to therapy in patients with this disease. Both monoclonal and polyclonal assays for PSA are available. In attempts to correlate pathologic tumor stage and PSA levels, tumors of higher stage (pathologic stages C1, C2, D1, and D2) have been associated with elevated PSA levels. Increased PSA levels have also been found in patients with benign prostatic diseases (benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis). PSA has been shown to be an excellent marker after radical prostatectomy and for monitoring of radiation therapy. Patients with a persistently elevated PSA level for more than 6 months postoperatively should be assessed for residual or recurrent local or systemic disease. Thus far, routine use of PSA testing as a mass screening modality for prostatic cancer has not been considered cost-effective.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen testing in untreated and treated prostatic adenocarcinoma. 169 14

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization utilizing a 428 base pair [35S]-labelled cDNA probe from the 3' noncoding region of the PSA gene. Thirty six fresh surgical specimens were collected from patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate. Quantitative analysis of the levels of PSA mRNA in both the benign and malignant tissues was performed using an IBAS 2000 Image Analysis System. The results of this study demonstrated that there is a significant decrease in the expression of PSA mRNA in the carcinoma tissue when compared to the benign epithelium. The average binding (number of silver grains/1 x 10(4) microns. 2) for 20 specimens of malignant epithelium was 475 +/- 161 and 586 +/- 140 for 16 specimens of benign epithelium (p less than 0.05). Eleven patients had both benign and malignant tissue from the same surgical specimen available for study. From these paired specimens, the PSA mRNA expression was also significantly reduced in the malignant epithelium when compared to the benign epithelium, 445 +/- 162 and 588 +/- 135 respectively (p less than 0.005). The PSA protein was detected using a monoclonal antibody to PSA with an immunohistochemical staining technique. The PSA protein expression paralleled the expression of the PSA mRNA in the majority of the tissue sections. Many of the tumor specimens showed a heterogeneous expression of PSA, whereas all of the benign epithelium had a uniform high level of PSA expression. In conclusion, PSA mRNA and protein are located only within the glandular epithelial tissue, the expression of PSA protein parallels that of the PSA mRNA, and both the PSA protein and PSA mRNA are significantly decreased in the malignant epithelium when compared to benign prostatic epithelium.
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PMID:In situ hybridization of prostate-specific antigen mRNA in human prostate. 170 Jan 64

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels were measured in 70 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and in 70 patients with prostatic cancer. PSA was increased above the cutoff level of 10 ng/ml in 13% of patients with BPH and in 87% of patients with prostatic cancer. In contrast, abnormal PAP levels were found in 14 and 76% of patients, respectively. We concluded that, due to its high specificity, PSA is a useful marker in the management of patients with prostatic carcinoma and that it surpasses PAP in this regard.
Tumour Biol 1990
PMID:Clinical usefulness of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with prostatic cancer. 170 Aug 60

The presence of prostatic carcinoma cells in voided urine was seldom noticed and these cells might be hardly distinguished from transitional cell carcinoma cells of the urinary tracts on the Papanicolaou-stained slides. We investigated the cytological findings and the localizations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in 7 cases of prostatic carcinomas (4 adenocarcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma) which showed tumor cells in voided urine. The cytological findings of each histological types were as follows: adenocarcinoma cells were observed in small clusters of round or columnar cells with eccentric nuclei and prominent nucleoli with occasion, squamous cell carcinoma cells were characteristically well-differentiated keratinizing ones varying in shape and in staining reaction, and undifferentiated carcinoma cells were polyhedral and large ones with dense cytoplasm. After destaining of the Papanicolaou-stained slides, the positivity for PSA was demonstrated by immunocytochemical stain with PSA antiserum in cytoplasms of the tumor cells of 6 cases except for 1 undifferentiated carcinoma. We recognized that immunocytochemical detection of PSA was a useful mean in cytological detection for prostatic carcinomas in voided urine.
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PMID:[Cytological and immunocytochemical study of prostatic carcinoma cell in voided urine. Usefulness of prostate-specific antigen in cytology specimen]. 170 46

To evaluate the usefulness of tumor markers in monitoring the patients with prostate cancer, serial measurements of serum prostate-specific antigen (PA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were performed in 78 stage C or D patients. Positive rates of each marker prior to the treatment were as follows; PA; 75%, PAP; 56% and gamma-Sm; 62% in stage C, and PA; 95%, PAP; 79% and gamma-Sm; 91% in stage D. In most cases showing PR (partial response) and S (stable) in clinical responses, these three markers decreased their serum titers corresponding to clinical course if the markers were elevated at the start of the treatment. But the usefulness of PAP was lessened because of its lower positive rate than those of PA and gamma-Sm. In 33 PD (progressive disease) cases, positive rates of each marker at time of clinical diagnosis as PD were found to be 85% in PA, 55% in PAP and 76% in gamma-Sm. And with the combination assays of these three tumor markers, positive rate was elevated to 88%. Moreover, elevation of serum values of these three markers at 3 months before the progression event were observed in 50% of PA, 39% of PAP and 46% of gamma-Sm. Then the prognostic significance of each marker was examined. In PA and PAP, there were statistical differences in non-relapsing rates between patients whose reduction rates from the pretreatment value on 7th day were more than and less than 50%. But in gamma-Sm, a statistical difference between each group was firstly observed on 14th day. As a result, in monitoring patients with prostate cancer, PA and gamma-Sm are more useful than PAP and, in prediction of patients' prognosis, PA is more useful than gamma-Sm.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on tumor markers for monitoring prostate cancer patients; the evaluation of prostate-specific antigen and comparison with prostatic acid phosphatase and gamma-seminoprotein]. 170 55

The preoperative serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PA) were determined in 35 consecutive patients who had clinically localized prostatic cancer and underwent bilateral staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. When 10.0 ng/ml of PA was used as the cutoff value for lymph node staging the specificity of an elevated PA level in revealing lymph node involvement was 77% with a sensitivity of 85% and an accuracy of 80%. Only 1 of 18 (6%) patients with negative PA levels (below 10 ng/ml) and a preoperative Gleason score 2-7 tumor had metastatic lymph node disease. Among the 17 patients with positive PA levels (above 10 ng/ml) or a Gleason score 8-10 tumor, 12 (71%) had lymph node involvement. The preoperative PA level and the extent of local tumor invasion correlated strongly with each other. Our study suggests that the PA level could be a simple and objective parameter with which to predict metastatic lymph node disease if used in conjunction with the Gleason histological grade.
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PMID:Value of prostate-specific antigen measurements in predicting lymph node involvement in prostatic cancer. 170 62

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) designated PD41 (IgG1k) was generated by hyperimmunizing BALB/c mice with a membrane preparation prepared from a moderately to poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma surgical specimen. The immunohistochemical reactivity of MAb PD41 was shown to be highly restricted to the ductal epithelia and secretions of prostate adenocarcinoma tissues. Sixty-five % of the prostate tumor specimens were stained with MAb PD41, whereas no staining of the fetal or benign prostate specimens was observed. PD41 reacted minimally with normal prostate tissues, with less than 1% of the epithelial cells staining. This MAb did not react with nonprostate carcinomas or to a variety of normal human tissues. Using both radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescent procedures, several cultured human tumor cell lines, human blood cells, and purified antigens to prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase also were found not to express the PD41 antigen. MAb PD41 also was shown to bind to the target antigen present in seminal plasma obtained from prostate carcinoma patients but not to seminal plasma from normal donors. Immunoblots of gel-separated components of prostate carcinoma tissue extracts indicate that the molecular weight of the proteins carrying the PD41 antigenic determinant can differ among individual tumors, ranging from Mr 90,000 to greater than 400,000. However, in seminal plasma from prostate cancer patients, the predominant component recognized by PD41 is the diffuse Mr greater than 400,000 band. It appears that this monoclonal antibody may recognize a prostate carcinoma-associated mucin-like antigen, which is preferentially expressed on prostate carcinomas, and therefore, may be a useful marker to distinguish benign prostate hyperplasia from prostate carcinoma.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody PD41 recognizes an antigen restricted to prostate adenocarcinomas. 170 72

Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 2% of primary epithelial malignancies of the urinary bladder. The clinicopathologic features of 72 cases treated at one institution are reported; 22 cases were evaluated immunohistochemically. Twenty-four tumors were urachal and 48 nonurachal. The cases were analyzed according to their stage at presentation, histologic type, and mucin staining; they were tested immunohistochemically to determine their reaction to carcinoembryonic antigen, Leu-M1, prostate-specific antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase. Tumor stage was a highly significant predictor of outcome (P = 0.001). Nonurachal tumors tended to have a worse outcome than urachal, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.07). Histologic type was not a significant predictor of outcome (P = 0.10). For adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder, stage was the most significant predictive factor; separating urachal from nonurachal tumors was important, but mucin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry did not help in this distinction. On occasion, a few tumors may react with some polyclonal antibodies to prostate-specific antigen; thus these results must be interpreted with caution. In these instances, the possibility of using highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies such as the one employed in this study should be considered.
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PMID:Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic analysis of 72 cases. 170 16

The authors evaluated 440 men with clinically staged and untreated prostate cancer with a monoclonal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay. The serum PSA value correlated significantly with both the stage and grade of disease (P less than 0.00005). The relationships between PSA and consecutive Stages A, B, C, and D2 (alpha = 0.15) and between progressive Gleason's scores 2 to 4, 5 to 7, and 8 to 10 (alpha = 0.15) were statistically significant. Also statistically significant was the correlation between serum PSA level and intracapsular versus extracapsular disease (P less than 0.00005), although no one value can be used to differentiate reliably between patients in these two categories. The probability of clinically detectable metastasis (Stage D2) is 85% if the serum PSA level is greater than 30; however, 12% of patients without clinical evidence of metastases (Stages A, B, and C) have such a serum PSA value. Despite the statistically significant association between PSA and tumor differentiation and volume as reflected by tumor grade and clinical stage, this marker cannot be used to determine either for an individual patient.
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PMID:Monoclonal prostate-specific antigen in untreated prostate cancer. Relationship to clinical stage and grade. 170 17


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