Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 16 patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts, percutaneous transhepatic portography (PTP) and cholangiography (PTC) were performed. Fourteen of these patients also had angiography, which failed to show the tumor in 7 cases. Findings indicating non-extirpability of the tumor were demonstrated by angiography in 3 patients. At PTP non-extirpability was confirmed in these cases. PTP further indicated non-extirpability in one patient and gave hints of infiltration of the liver by the tumor in 5 patients because of intra or extrahepatic invasion of the portal vein.
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PMID:Percutaneous transhepatic portography in bile duct carcinoma. Correlation with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and angiography. 22 46

It is not easy to weigh up therapeutic and toxic effects in the medical treatment of intestinal cancer. The number of drugs that have demonstrated certain activity in these forms is extremely limited, only 5 FU being definitely active and even this only in a small percentage of patients. 5 FU produces remission in some 20% of cases. It is highly probable that prophylactic treatment with 5 FU increases patient survival as reported by Regelson and other workers, but the resulting damage (hepatic, bone marrow, immunodepression, etc.) must also be assessed and the risk of a second neoplasia should not be forgotten. The personally used association of 5 FU and cyclophosphamide has proved active at least to the same extent as 5 FU alone, while toxic effects were not particularly important. Brilliant but unfortunately temporary results can be obtained by peritoneal PTC in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Good results with respect to the pain symptom have been obtained by associating 5 FU with radiotherapy in non-operable intestinal tumours.
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PMID:[Chemotherapy of intestinal carcinomas]. 43 73

Steady state mRNA transcript levels of thyroid differentiation markers such as TSH receptor (TSHR), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) as well as a potential marker of dedifferentiation, c-myc, marker were investigated in patients with thyroid tumors and in normal controls using Northern blot analysis. Blots were normalized by acridine orange staining whereas analysis of beta-actin mRNA levels revealed highly variable levels already in normal tissue suggesting regulation of this "constitutively" expressed gene. Determination of c-myc mRNA revealed increased steady state mRNA levels in anaplastic carcinomas (ATC) as compared to normal tissues. However, in some patients c-myc transcript levels were lower in the tumor than in the adjacent normal tissue reducing the significance of c-myc as a marker of dedifferentiation. High levels of TSH mRNA were found in control thyroids, whereas in ATC no normal TSHR mRNA was detected. In PTC and follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC) the transcripts varied from increased to markedly reduced levels. In one patient with FTC 2 independent preparations of the tumor revealed different results, undetectable and clearly detectable TSHR mRNA levels. Xenotransplantation of this tissue on nude rats showed a variable expression pattern in the individual xenotransplantations suggesting heterogeneity of the tumor tissue. Tg and TPO mRNA were strongly expressed in normal tissues and completely lost in all ATC. In differentiated thyroid tumors the transcript levels of Tg and TPO varied from normal to complete loss of expression of either Tg or TPO, or both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Gene expression of differentiation- and dedifferentiation markers in normal and malignant human thyroid tissues. 128 80

We investigated the frequency of rearrangements of the ret and trk proto-oncogenes in Japanese thyroid tumors. DNAs from 38 thyroid papillary carcinomas and 14 follicular adenomas were analyzed by Southern blotting. Rearrangements of the ret and trk proto-oncogenes were detected in one and two papillary carcinomas, respectively, but not in follicular adenomas. Analysis by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method showed that the ret rearrangement-positive tumor contained the PTC/retTPC chimeric transcript, which was reported to be found specifically in thyroid tumors and adenomatous goiter. We also found that rearranged mRNA of the trk proto-oncogene was expressed at high levels in one of two trk rearrangement-positive tumors. Our results indicated that the frequency of rearrangements of these proto-oncogenes in Japanese papillary carcinomas was much lower than that in Italian patients.
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PMID:Low frequency of rearrangements of the ret and trk proto-oncogenes in Japanese thyroid papillary carcinomas. 138 40

We reported earlier that oncolysate retained in the excision wound of a local tumor inhibits growth of remote tumor in the rat. We further studied this effect on pulmonary metastasis. C57BL/6 mice were given B16 melanoma F10 cells subcutaneously into the gluteal area (Day 0) and then intravenously on Day 10. On Day 14, mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 received a sham operation and no further treatment. Tumors were excised in the remaining mice. Group 2 received tumor excision alone. Groups 3 and 4 received injections of freeze-lysed tumor cells (TC) and lysate modified (PTC) with a hapten, L-phenylalanine mustard (PhM), respectively, into excision wounds. On Day 24, metastases were assessed by determining metastatic burden. Average diameters of excised tumors in repeated experiments ranged from 8.7 to 10.9 mm. In repeat experiments, pulmonary metastatic burden increased by as much as 52 to 181% in the tumor excised group (Group 2) in comparison with those receiving sham surgery (Group 1). However, metastatic burden was always reduced in Group 3. An even greater reduction was seen in Group 4. To study the possible involvement of macrophages, the production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and cytotoxicity of macrophages in these animals were examined. It was found that tumor excision enhanced PGE2 production by macrophages and suppressed their cytotoxicity, while TC inoculation prevented both of these changes. An even greater prevention was observed with PTC inoculation. These results indicate an association among macrophage cytotoxicity, PGE2 production of macrophages, and metastasis. In order to clarify the mechanism for these reactions, we did experiments using adherent splenic macrophages from the four groups of animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of local tumor removal and retained oncolysate on lung metastasis. 140 87

Between 1984 and 1987, 472 patients with histologically or cytologically verified carcinomas of the pancreas or papilla of Vater, were accrued in the Norwegian Pancreatic Cancer Trial. Surgical assessment revealed resectability in 29% (94 of 330) of the pancreatic tumours and 89% (25 of 28) of the papillar tumours. Tumours of the pancreatic head were resectable in 32% (84 of 259). The sensitivities of the different diagnostic methods in patients with resectable tumours were: FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) 80%, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography) 78%, PTC (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) 73%, ERCP with duct cytology 67%, CT (computed tomography) 58%, US (ultrasound) 42% and angiography 22%. The positive predictive values (PV+) in resectable disease were: US 29%, CT 35%, ERCP 43% and angiography 44%. Corresponding figures for unresectable disease were US 95%, CT 97%, ERCP 75% and angiography 88%. Resectable tumours of the pancreas and papilla of Vater had an average macroscopic diameter of 3.2 x 3.4 cm and 2.2 x 2.3 cm, respectively. Tumour size increased with stage. Increasing tumour size and abdominal pain combined with short diagnostic delay both decreased resectability rate, whereas a combination of long diagnostic delay and abdominal pain had a more favorable resectability rate. Radical pancreatic surgery, if effective in the treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas or papilla of Vater, should not be undertaken if any preoperative diagnostic test demonstrates signs of indisputable unresectability. Available methods for the evaluation of resectability in patients lacking such signs are insufficient. This necessitates exploratory laparotomy in many patients.
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PMID:Carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater--assessment of resectability and factors influencing resectability in stage I carcinomas. A prospective multicentre trial in 472 patients. 142 2

Thyroid carcinoma may invade the mediastinum by direct extension of the primary tumor or metastases to the paratracheal or retroclavicular-parajugular lymph nodes. From 1975 to 1991 in 47 out of 622 thyroid cancer patients (7.6%) [14 papillary (PTC), 5 follicular (FTC), 16 medullary (MTC) and 12 undifferentiated carcinoma (UTC)] transsternal tumor resection has been performed. Four patients (UTC three, MTC one) deceased 7, 8, 35, and 41 days after resection of the primary tumor due to cardiac or tumor disease, and in one patient because of acute arteriotracheal haemorrhage after external irradiation; no patient deceased after transsternal resection as a result of cervicomediastinal lymphadenectomy. At the time of primary operation 80% of patients showed an advanced tumor stage (greater than pT3). In 34% of patients (PTC 64%, FTC 40%, MTC 13%, UTC 25%) no tumor recurrence was observed neither by imaging nor by biochemical methods. In 18 patients a transsternal microdissection of all four cervicomediastinal lymph node compartments has been performed. Histological analyses of excised and tumor involved lymph nodes revealed in 9 patients unilateral cervical and mediastinal and in 9 patients bilateral cervical and mediastinal lymph node metastases. In the case of unilateral cervicomediastinal lymph node metastases 2 out of 2 patients with papillary and 2 out of 6 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma could be cured surgically. In the case of bilateral cervicomediastinal lymph node metastases 3 out of 4 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, but no other thyroid cancer patient were free of disease. In conclusion, main indications for transsternal cervicomediastinal resection in thyroid carcinoma are (1) primary tumors extending to the upper mediastinum, but without lymph node metastases, and (2) thyroid carcinomas with unilateral cervicomediastinal lymph node metastases. In the case of bilateral cervicomediastinal lymph node metastases probable only papillary thyroid carcinomas are supposed to be curable by transsternal multicompartmentectomy.
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PMID:[Trans-sternal cervico-mediastinal primary tumor resection and lymphadenectomy in thyroid gland cancer]. 156 3

We have recently reported the identification of a new oncogene, named PTC, frequently activated in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. This gene is a novel rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene and we have shown that this rearrangement occurred in vivo as a tumor-specific somatic event. In an effort to further examine the role of this oncogene in human malignancies, we have investigated the expression of the ret oncogene in a number of human tumors. We consistently detected expression of normal-sized transcripts of the ret proto-oncogene in human pheochromocytomas and in human medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC), both of familial and sporadic type. Moreover, we showed that ret mRNA levels were increased following (Bu)2cAMP-induced differentiation of a human MTC cell line (TT). Since the ret gene has been mapped on chromosome 10, close to the gene which predisposes patients to the MEN2A syndrome, we suggest that this region of chromosome 10 might be involved in the proliferative and differentiative patterns of these neuroectodermal tissues.
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PMID:The ret proto-oncogene is consistently expressed in human pheochromocytomas and thyroid medullary carcinomas. 170 Dec 32

PTC gene, which is derived from the rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene, was originally discovered in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. This gene has been thought to act as a tumorigenetic factor in thyroid carcinoma, although the action of PTC oncogene products is still unknown. To study the frequency of the PTC gene present in human thyroid carcinomas, we investigated four cell lines derived from thyroid carcinoma and 22 thyroid tumor tissue specimens. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was performed to detect putative PTC mRNA. The presence of the PTC gene in genomic DNA was analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. PTC mRNA was detected by the RT-PCR method in only one papillary carcinoma cell line (TPC-1 cell). Southern gel analysis confirmed the rearrangement of the ret proto-oncogene in this cell line. In the other three cell lines and 22 tumor tissue specimens, however, neither the PTC gene or mRNA was detected. These results demonstrate that the prevalence of the PTC gene in thyroid tumor is low and may not be essential for human thyroid tumorigenesis. That our present results conflict with previous reports may be due to general differences in genetic background among races.
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PMID:Lack of PTC gene (ret proto-oncogene rearrangement) in human thyroid tumors. 182 30

Cytogenetic studies have shown frequent clonal abnormalities in papillary carcinoma (PTC) and follicular carcinoma (FTC). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) may suggest the presence of tumor suppressor genes and has not been reported in these neoplasms. These studies were undertaken to determine if consistent chromosomal abnormalities are associated with thyroid cancer, to determine likely regions for molecular genetic investigations, and to determine if there is allelic loss in thyroid tumors. Cytogenetic analysis of 26 PTC and 5 FTC showed clonal abnormalities in 9 and included -Y, +5, or inv(10)(q11.2q21.2) in PTC, and -Y or near haploidy in FTC. Using DNA probes specific for chromosomes 1, 3, 10, 16, and 17, we carried out restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on 6 FTC, 3 follicular adenomas (FA), and 12 PTC. LOH of all informative loci on chromosome 3p was observed in all 6 FTC, but not in FA or PTC. No LOH was observed for loci mapped to chromosome 10 in PTC. Our results suggest: cytogenetic abnormalities of chromosome 10q are associated with PTC; cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities of chromosome 3 are associated with FTC; and a tumor suppressor gene may be present on the short arm of chromosome 3 important for the development or progression of FTC.
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PMID:Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies of follicular and papillary thyroid cancers. 193 48


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