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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Young women who use oral contraceptives over a period of years are prone to the development of hepatic tumors, which must be correctly diagnosed and treated. A 24-year old woman who had used various oral contraceptives (Neogynon 21, Lyndiol, Microgynon) for over 5 years developed a hepatocellular carcinoma of the left hepatic lobe. The diagnosis was reached on the basis of laboratory tests as well as the results of laparoscopic, angiographic, x-ray, sonographic, and scintigrammic examinations. An attempt to remove the tumor surgically resulted in a fatal mass bleeding. No metastiasis of the carcinoma could be established. An examination of the liver revealed an Australia-antigen-positive, chronic-aggressive hepatitis.
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PMID:[Malignant liver tumor after oral contraception]. 45

To determine whether the enhanced expression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is sufficient to induce the neoplastic transformation of an immortalized population of mammary epithelial cells, we cotransfected NOG-8 cells, a cloned mouse mammary epithelial cell line, with a simian virus 40-human TGF alpha cDNA expression vector plasmid and a pSV2neo plasmid. After cotransfection, nine G418-resistant NOG-8 colonies were cloned and expanded. All clones were subsequently analyzed for TGF alpha mRNA expression by northern blot analysis, TGF alpha secretion, anchorage-dependent growth in serum-free medium, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Three TGF alpha-transfected NOG-8 clones expressed high levels of a specific TGF alpha mRNA, secreted elevated levels of TGF alpha into the culture medium (177-595 ng/10(8) cells/48 h), exhibited an enhanced growth rate, grew aggressively as colonies in soft agar, and formed undifferentiated, invasive carcinomas in nude mice. A neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody generated against the low molecular weight human TGF alpha peptide was able to inhibit colony formation in soft agar by TGF alpha-transfected NOG-8 clones that produced high levels by TGF alpha. This inhibition suggested that TGF alpha acted through an external autocrine loop. NOG-8 cells and NOG-8 cells transfected with a pSV2neo plasmid alone secreted very low levels of TGF alpha, failed to grow as colonies in soft agar and did not form tumors in nude mice. These results demonstrate that overexpression of a human TGF alpha cDNA in immortalized, nontransformed mouse mammary epithelial cells can induce a transformed phenotype in vitro and can facilitate tumor formation in vivo.
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PMID:Transformation of an established mouse mammary epithelial cell line following transfection with a human transforming growth factor alpha cDNA. 278 19

The case history of a 26 year old woman describes the occurrence of a primary cholangiocarcinoma in the woman's liver during her 1st pregnancy with no signs of skeletal metastasis. During the previous 8 years, she had taken oral contraceptives (Microgynon 50). The case was successfully treated with chemotherapy (treatment with APD) and surgical removal of the tumor. It was considered highly unusual since malignant tumors of the liver occur seldom in the West, and very seldom among young people. Most patients are over 50; the illness strikes nearly twice as often in men as women. A tumor occurs in a cirrhotic liver in about 75% of cases; and, indications reveal that persistent hepatitis B plays a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas. The patient did not fit into any of the those categories. The patient's initial complaints occurred during her pregnancy. Previous medical literature has described patients with a malignant tumor of the liver during pregnany, and since 1970, many articles have shown a relationship between hepatic dysfunctions in women and the use of oral contraceptives. The benign dysfunctions usually involved liver cell edema and focalized nodular hyperplasia. Malignant liver tumors in such patients have been less frequently described in the literature; thus, their relationship with the use of oral contraceptives is less certain. Artlcles have appeared, however, indicating a connection between liver malignancy and the use of sex hormones. There are also indications that humoral hypercalcemia is a frequent finding in primary liver cancer.
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PMID:[A young woman with a liver tumor and hypercalcemia]. 302 Apr 47

7 case reports of women with benign hepatic adenoma suggest that, since all of the women were taking oral contraceptives (OCs), there may be an association between ingestion of exogenous hormones and development of benign hepatoma of the liver. The cases were rapidly diagnosed by using hepatic arteriography; prompt, precise diagnosis is emphasized because, though the tumors are benign, they may cause serious, if not fatal, hemorrhage if left unchecked. Case 1 was a 26-year-old woman who had taken Enovid for 2 years, who presented with acute abdomen and impending shock. Coliotomy was performed, in which a left-lobe hepatic tumor was found; she underwent left hepatectomy and cholecystectomy and no evidence of recurrence was found 1 year later. Case 2 had been taking Oracon for a unknown time. Case 3, on OCs for 6 years, had a pedunculated mobile tumor removed. Case 4, 25 years old, had been taking Ovral for 6 months before diagnosis and excision of a right lobe liver tumor. Case 5, 5 years on combined OCs, required surgical intervention for a hypervascular mass. Case 6, taking a total of 8 years of OC therapy, was operated on for an hepatic mass which was a white-to-yellow hemorrhagic mass. Case 7, taking Enovid for 7 years, yielded a surgical specimen that was hemorrhagic, partly necrotic, and yellow-tan, about 10 cm in diameter.
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PMID:Possible association between benign hepatomas and oral contraceptives. 412 57

A case of multiple liver adenomatosis in a 24-year-old woman who had taken sequential (Norquential) and combined (Stediril) oral contraceptives is recounted, and 11 other published cases are summarized. The patient was hospitalized for severe epigastric pain radiating to the scapular region, suggesting liver tumor, and becoming generalized, suggesting hemoperitoneum. During laparotomy a ruptured subcapsular hematoma, a tumor 6 cm in diameter, and multiple yellow spots 2-5 cm were found. Histologically the hepatocytes contained intracellular and intravesicular fat deposits; affected cells were located in nodules but not encapsulated. Liver function was normal. 1 month later the right liver was removed, and the patient was released in 15 days. Of the 11 published cases all were isolated adenomas; 4 were simple, 3 complicated, and 3 fatal.
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PMID:[Hepatic adenomatosis and oral contraceptives. Surgical aspects]. 447 18

An obese 28-year old woman presented at the Royal Victoria Hospital on February 23, 1978 because of upper abdominal pain of 2 days duration. The patient had previously given birth 10 years ago and had since been taking an oral contraceptive (OC) containing 0.25 mg d-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Ovral). She had iron deficiency anemia at age 12, smoked 3 packs of cigarettes/week, rarely consumed alcoholic beverages and was not under any medication. Physical and laboratory examinations revealed a large liver tumor. Angiography and needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). Resection was not indicated because of the size of the tumor. OCs were discontinued. Tubal ligation was performed 2 months later as the patient desired no further pregnancies. Complete regression of the tumor over a 12-month period was confirmed by subsequent scintiscans. This case shows that even large HCAs can regress completely with no therapy other than OC withdrawal, confirming the suggestions of others that simple observation after OC withdrawal may be preferable to resection in minimally symptomatic HCAs. A frequent histologic finding both in OC-associated HCA and in normal liver surrounding HCAs is marked sinusoidal dilatation, which suggests a general effect of estrogen therapy. Further studies should be done to determine the mechanisms by which OCs produce these changes and to define their clinical importance. The role of radionuclide imaging techniques, percutaneous liver biopsy, and angiography in the diagnosis of HCAs are very briefly described.
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PMID:Complete regression of hepatocellular adenoma after withdrawal of oral contraceptives. 627 17

Reported is a female case study of a 40-year-old patient who 4 weeks previous had received a Norplant subcutaneous contraceptive implant. The patient presented at 4 weeks postimplant with blurred vision in her left eye. She further reported never having used hormonal contraceptives. Her vision continued to deteriorate over the next several months to 20/60 visual acuity. After examination by neuro-ophthalmologists at the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics system, the following abnormalities in the left eye were reported: impaired color vision; a severely reduced critical flicker fusion rating (13 Hz); an abnormality in the temporal field (using Humphrey 30-2 program); and a 3 times greater light sensitivity. The fundus and the optic nerve heads appeared normal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a homogeneous mass along the medial sphenoid wing which continued into the left cavernous sinus and sella. Part of this mass crowded the left optic nerve opening (chiasm). During the subsequent 6 weeks, the patient's visual acuity continued to deteriorate to 20/100 despite removal of the Norplant implant. The tumor mass was surgically removed and pathologically examined. It was a meningothelial neoplasm and tested positive for progesterone receptors (125 fmol/mg of protein). It tested negative for estrogen receptors. Authors provide a discussion on the history of hormonal influence/agonist effects on meningiomas. The authors conclude that there is evidence which supports the theory that meningiomas may be subject to hormonal influence and may be stimulated by hormones to grow. They further conclude that their observations do not prove a cause-and-effect relationship and that further research is needed.
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PMID:Sphenoid wing meningioma progression after placement of a subcutaneous progesterone agonist contraceptive implant. 800 72

Although estrogens have been identified as key endocrine hormones in the control of early mitogenesis and development in the mammary gland, local control of cell proliferation during ductal morphogenesis may be regulated by polypeptides such as TGF-alpha or TGF-beta. Many breast tumors are estrogen dependent, and some breast tumor cell lines are known to produce TGF-alpha, suggesting that the mitogenic pathways controlling early normal mammary growth and the growth of some breast tumors may be similar. While progesterone does not appear to be important in the early program of ductal growth, progesterone and estrogen are necessary for the cyclic proliferation of mammary ductal cells that occurs during the menstrual cycle, and for lobuloalveolar growth during pregnancy. Since increased cell division enhances the chances for the formation of a malignant phenotype in the breast, exogenous hormones containing estrogen alone or estrogen and progesterone may increase breast cancer risk. While DES is no longer prescribed to prevent abortions, it demonstrates that high doses of an estrogen during a period of mammary proliferation can affect breast cancer risk. Whether the addition of progestogens to estrogen replacement therapy enhances breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women remains an unanswered question because of the lack of large, well-controlled prospective studies. There currently is no evidence to indicate that the progestogen-containing subdermal contraceptive Norplant increases breast cancer risk. However, it has not been determined if the elevation of serum estrogens reported in some Norplant users affects breast cancer risk. There is little evidence that combined OCAs enhance breast cancer risk in most women. More research is needed to substantiate the findings that OCA use in young women, especially before a first full-term pregnancy, may enhance breast cancer risk. Animal studies indicate that there are critical periods of susceptibility to chemical carcinogens, since the number and malignancy of tumors are increased when carcinogens are administered to young virgin animals during the proliferative period of ductal morphogenesis. Since the breast appears to be most susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation during the first decade of life, exposure to other carcinogenic agents during the period of early breast development may be important in determining breast cancer risk. Therefore, more studies are needed to confirm the observation that heavy drinkers and heavy smokers are at higher risk for developing breast cancer when they start smoking or drinking at an early age. The observation that serum and urinary estrogen levels increase with alcohol consumption may provide a basis for the higher risk of developing breast cancer in heavy drinkers. While the restriction of methyxanthine intake may alleviate the symptoms associated with fibrocystic breast disease in some women, there is not enough evidence to suggest that a reduction in caffeine intake will reduce breast cancer risk. Evidence for an association between electromagnetic radiation and breast cancer is limited. Electromagnetic radiation may only pose a risk in certain occupations with exposure to very high levels for extended periods of time. It is not known whether exposure to PCBs transplacentally or though the lipid fraction of human milk can affect breast cancer rates in female offspring. The higher risk of breast cancer in women with elevated DDE levels in their blood underscores the importance of determining the extent to which environmental contaminants affect breast cancer risk.
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PMID:Hormonal and environmental factors affecting cell proliferation and neoplasia in the mammary gland. 877 98

Changes in endometrial histology and cervical cytology related to use of two contraceptive implants were investigated in a 2-year prospective study conducted at Birmingham (UK) Women's Hospital. 60 women with regular menstrual cycles were randomly assigned to receive either Implanon (etonogestrel/3-keto-desogestrel) or Norplant (levonorgestrel). After 12 months of implant use, most endometrial samples in both groups were inactive or only weakly proliferative. After 24 months, this pattern remained unchanged in the Implanon group. It was more diverse, however, in the Norplant group, where there was evidence of proliferative-phase endometrium. Endometrial thickness, assessed quarterly by transvaginal ultrasound scans, was significantly reduced in users of both implants. Cervical cytology remained unchanged from baseline to 24 months. These findings suggest that users of both implant systems are not at increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial carcinoma, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia, or cervical carcinoma.
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PMID:A 2-year comparative study of endometrial histology and cervical cytology of contraceptive implant users in Birmingham, UK. 985 56

This article concerns the essential findings of the task force created by the Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction in 1985 to conduct research on the safety and efficacy of fertility-regulating methods. The task force had 9 research priorities which include: 1) effects of contraceptive use during lactation; 2) pelvic inflammatory disease and contraception; 3) cardiovascular disease and hormonal contraception; 4) cancer and hormonal contraception; 5) interactions between contraceptive use and disease; 6) morbidity due to female sterilization; 7) induced abortion; 8) safety of Norplant; and 9) IUDs. It then established epidemiological studies in 47 countries, which were mostly from the developing world. Some main achievements were: 1) identification of the beneficial and possible adverse effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on the risk of neoplasia; 2) demonstrating that injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate protects against endometrial cancer and does not increase the overall risk of breast cancer; 3) clarifying which groups of women are prone to the complications of OCs; and 4) establishing the long-term effectiveness and safety of IUDs. Furthermore, the valuable information produced by this research program has already had a significant impact on family planning policies and practice. This venture also strengthens the value of mission-oriented research and demonstrates the potential of collaborative research between developing and developed countries.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of fertility-regulating methods: a decade of research. 1053 94


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