Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nafoxidine is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen available as an investigational agent from the Investigational Drug Branch of the National Cancer Institute. It has been used effectively in the treatment of breast cancer patients. A cumulative response rate of 31% is reported for a total of 200 patients treated with this drug. Most patients have been treated with a dose of 60 mg three times a day. Side effects include dryness of skin, photosensitivity reactions and, less commonly, partial hair loss. There is a strong correlation of response to nafoxidine with the presence of estrogen receptor in the tumor and also with the response to previous hormonal treatment. Nafoxidine is a useful addition to the list of hormonal treatments in the therapy of breast cancer.
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PMID:Nafoxidine--an antiestrogen for the treatment of breast cancer. 99 Oct 75

A wide variety of approaches are being applied to the therapy of breast cancer. Treatment begins with a biopsy followed by mastectomy to remove the primary tumor. The risk category must be determined and, at present, an axillary dissection appears to be required; in the future, tumor cell markers may replace the role of an axillary dissection in the determination of risk category (TORMEY et al., 1975). If the nodes are positive, adjuvant chemotherapy and possibly immunotherapy should be considered. A positive estrogen receptor assay suggests that patients may also benefit from endocrine treatments. If it is negative, the chances of responding to hormonotherapy are very limited, except, perhaps, for anti-estrogens (McGUIRE, et al., 1975). Adjuvant therapy for patients with negative nodes is not recommended at this time; this view may have to be modified as the results of current adjuvant studies become available. We have at hand the means to improve the cure rate of patients with breast cancer. We are getting better diagnostic methods and find more patients with negative nodes. We know more about the primary treatment and have systemic modalities that are effective in the adjuvant situation. The immediate problem is to learn how to put these treatments together, and this task has been undertaken by on-going clinical trials. We are anticipating the results with optimism.
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PMID:The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer. 101 6

Nafoxidine hydrochloride can provide additional palliation to patients who responded to previous endocrine ablation and had tumors containing an estrogen receptor. In the present study, 24 patients were evaluated for their response to nafoxidine therapy, 180 to 240 milligrams given orally per day. When tumor response was obtained, doses were reduced to 60 to 120 milligrams every other day or longer without loss of control. In the estrogen receptor positive group, eight of ten patients responded objectively to nafoxidine, while all seven estrogen receptor negative patients progressed with this therapy. These results demonstrated that nafoxidine is effective in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive cutaneous disease. These results demonstrated that nafoxidine is effective in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive cutaneous disease. Patients with lesions to other sites should receive cytoxic agents along with nafoxidine. Alternative therapy to nafoxidine should be considered for patients in whom the tumors contain negligible estrogen receptor.
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PMID:Therapeutic value of nafoxidine hydrochloride in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the human breast. 125 70

Overexpression of p53-protein appears to be a common event in primary breast cancer. It has been proposed that the presence of elevated levels of this protein may be an independent prognostic factor and may be important for the ability of a tumor to metastasize. This study was performed to evaluate the influence of immunohistochemically detectable mutant p53-protein on metastasis-free survival of patients with breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 117 paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of consecutive patients with stage T1-T4 breast cancer, using a monoclonal antibody against p53 suppressor gene product. 29 (24.8%) specimens showed positive staining, whereas in 88 (75.2%) a negative staining reaction for p53 was found. Comparing time intervals to diagnosis of metastasis, using Kaplan-Meier curves, Log-Rank test revealed no significant differences in metastasis-free survival between p53 positive and negative patients (P = 0.32), whereas statistically significant differences were noted for tumor stage (P < 0.01), nodal status (P < 0.01), histological grading (P < 0.01) and estrogen receptor status (P = 0.03). Mutant p53-protein, as detected by immunohistochemistry in paraffin embedded tumor tissue, does not appear to influence metastasis-free survival in patients with breast cancer.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical detection of mutant p53-suppressor gene product in patients with breast cancer: influence on metastasis-free survival. 129 80

The association of mammographic appearance with hormone receptor status was investigated in 397 patients with primary breast cancers. The mammographic appearance was classified as type 1, spiculated (n = 159); type 2, structural changes (density) (n = 102); type 3, calcifications (n = 30); type 4, circumscribed opacity (n = 65); and type 5, not visible on mammogram (n = 41). Univariate analysis showed a significant association with estrogen receptor (ER) status for age (less than 50 vs greater than or equal to 50 years), tumor TNM category (those in category 1 vs those in higher categories), and mammographic appearance; with progesterone receptor status, the association was significant only for age. Multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders confirmed a significant association between ER status and mammographic appearance (ER status was more likely with type 1 than with the other mammographic types), but the strength of the association was limited. The mammographic appearance of breast cancer is not a reliable method to predict hormone receptor status for clinical purposes.
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PMID:Breast cancer: reliability of mammographic appearance as a predictor of hormone receptor status. 131 Nov 18

We evaluated established risk factors (tumor size, lymph node status, menopausal status, estrogen receptor status, tumor histology and grading according to Bloom and Richardson, including subfactor analysis), as well as the influence of local procedures, in 138 patients with primary carcinoma of the breast smaller than 1 centimeter. The patients were operated upon during 1969 to 1989 at the Department of Surgery, Hanusch Medical Center, Vienna. Twenty-two patients had a recurrence after a median observation time of 15 years. Seven patients died of the primary disease by the control date (31 May 1990). Grading (p = 0.01, 0.0044) as well as nuclear polymorphism (p = 0.003, 0.00001) and mitosis rate (p = 0.02, 0.01) proved to be significant parameters for recurrence free survival and overall survival. Local procedures (modified radical mastectomy, breast conserving operation with or without postoperative radiotherapy) revealed borderline significance with local recurrence free survival (p = 0.08). All other parameters were without any statistical significance (Mantel-Cox log rank test). Our data confirm the superior prognostic relevance of histologic grading and nuclear polymorphism in patients with carcinoma of the breast smaller than 1 centimeter. High grade nuclear polymorphism as a subfactor in the grading classification according to Bloom and Richardson appears to be a highly valid risk factor for this entity.
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PMID:Long term analysis of factors influencing the outcome in carcinoma of the breast smaller than one centimeter. 132 90

Between 1977 and 1986, 879 patients with Stage I and II breast cancer underwent excisional biopsy, axillary dissection, and radiation. Median follow-up was 61 months (range 2-159 months). The patients were divided into seven groups based on histologic subtype: (a) 368 patients with both infiltrating and intraductal ductal carcinoma, (b) 389 infiltrating ductal carcinoma, (c) 41 infiltrating lobular carcinoma, (d) 23 combined infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma, (e) 28 medullary carcinoma, (f) 12 colloid carcinomas, and (g) 18 tubular carcinomas. Significant differences in clinical T status, pathologic nodal involvement, administration of chemotherapy, estrogen receptor positivity, progesterone receptor positivity, and age were observed between some histologic subgroups. Tubular and colloid carcinomas were more likely to present with T1 lesions, hormone receptor positivity, and node negative status than the other histologic subtypes. Most medullary carcinomas were hormone receptor negative and were younger than 50 years old. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma patients were more frequently lymph node negative, older, node negative, and estrogen receptor positive compared to the other groups (except for tubular and colloid patients). Differences in the administration of chemotherapy primarily reflected differences in lymph node involvement. Location of the tumor in the breast and menopausal status did not correlate with histologic subtype. There were no significant differences in 5-year actuarial overall survival, cause-specific survival, or relapse-free survival between the histologic categories. In addition, patterns of first failure were not significantly different among the histologic groups in terms of local-only first failure, any local component of first failure, regional-only first failure, or any regional component of first failure. There was, however, a difference among the seven groups in distant metastasis-only at first failure with invasive ductal carcinomas having the highest rate. Despite this difference, histologic subtype had no impact on survival. The site of in-breast failure relative to the location of the original tumor was not significantly different between groups. The histologic subtype of invasive breast cancer is not an independent risk factor in predicting survival or pattern of failure. Conservative surgery and radiation therapy is effective treatment of ductal, lobular, medullary, colloid, and tubular invasive breast cancer.
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PMID:Outcome of conservative therapy for invasive breast cancer by histologic subtype. 132 87

The DNA content and proliferation in 100 invasive breast carcinomas were evaluated by computerized image analysis (IA) and flow cytometry (FCM). For DNA content, image analysis of Feulgen-stained slides of fresh tumor imprints were compared with flow cytometry of propidium iodide-stained disaggregated fresh tumor tissue. The DNA indices obtained by the two methods showed close correlation by linear regression analysis (r = 0.89, p less than .001). There were 44 (44%) diploid and 56 (56%) aneuploid tumors. There was agreement between the two methods in detection of aneuploidy in 81% of tumors. Image analysis required smaller tissue samples, permitted direct visualization and selection of tumor cells, and was more sensitive in detecting tetraploid and highly aneuploid cell populations. In contrast, flow cytometry histograms provided better resolution, and were more effective in detecting multiploid tumors and near-diploid aneuploid tumors. Aneuploidy was significantly related to various adverse prognostic parameters, namely, negative estrogen receptor, high mitotic rate, high histologic and nuclear grades. Proliferation was evaluated by measuring the FCM S phase fraction (SPF), and by image analysis quantitation of immunohistochemical staining using Ki-67 monoclonal antibody. SPF and Ki-67 count showed modest correlation (r = 0.42). Both SPF and Ki-67 count were significantly related to the mitotic rate, histologic and nuclear grades. Our results indicate that the two methods provide comparable results, but offer individual advantages and are complementary techniques in analyzing DNA ploidy and proliferation in breast carcinomas.
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PMID:Quantitative DNA analysis and proliferation in breast carcinomas. A comparison between image analysis and flow cytometry. 132 51

Matched normal/tumor DNA pairs from patients with sporadic and hereditary (FAP = familial adenomatous polyposis) colorectal carcinoma were examined for tumor-specific allele loss on chromosome 6 using cDNA probes for the avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homologue (MYB on 6q22-q23), the estrogen receptor (ESR on 6q24-q27), and for the alpha polypeptide of human chorionic gonadotropin (CGA on 6q14-q21). No chromosome 6 allele loss was observed at these gene loci among 22 colorectal carcinomas examined, although such losses were relatively frequent (37.5% of informative individuals) at the D17S28 locus on chromosome 17. These results are consistent with karyological studies and indicate that chromosome 6 allele loss from colorectal carcinomas may occur less frequently than previously reported.
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PMID:A study of chromosome 6 allele loss in human colorectal carcinomas. 133 82

80 cases of female lung carcinoma were assayed with avidin-biotin complex method for estrogen receptor (ER) and 73.8% cases revealed positive reaction. The 3 expressive types were cytoplasmic, all cellular and nuclear. There were no correlations between ER content and age, blood type, histologic types, size of tumor and metastasis of regional lymph nodes, but obvious correlations between ER content and prognosis. The 5 year survival rate in ER negative patients (72.7%) was greatly higher than in positive patients (8.8%) (P < 0.01). All had better prognosis in ER negative patients above and below 50-year groups.
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PMID:[Estrogen receptor in female lung carcinoma]. 133 68


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