Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Medulloblastoma, the most common embryonal tumor of the central nervous system, affects both children and adults. It poses a significant therapeutic challenge in that age-dependent differences exist, not only in their pathobiology, but in the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This is particularly the case in very young children, whose still developing nervous system exhibits a low tolerance to radiotherapy. We review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiologic features, and current therapeutic concepts relative to this unique neoplasm. Efforts are made to highlight clinical controversies.
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PMID:Medulloblastoma: I. Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic overview. 157 31

This report concerns the expression of the low molecular weight stress-response (heat-shock) protein 27 (srp 27) in a variety of human brain tumors. Immunohistochemical techniques were used; cells of the breast cancer line MCF7 served as positive controls. The reaction product was found exclusively in the cytoplasm. Srp 27 was detected in 5/5 breast tumor metastases to the brain and in 5/21 meningiomas. The protein was also detected in 5/11 glioblastomas and 2/5 pituitary adenomas. By comparison, positive staining was observed in only 1/15 astrocytomas and 1/7 medulloblastoma and no reaction was seen with the oligodendrogliomas, schwannomas and gangliogliomas tested. These observations demonstrate that srp 27 is expressed by certain primary intracranial tumors.
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PMID:Expression of stress-response (heat-shock) protein 27 in human brain tumors: an immunohistochemical study. 157 19

Seventeen adult patients with medulloblastoma were treated at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center and affiliated hospital between 1969 and 1986. All patients had a surgical procedure (total excision in seven patients, partial resection in nine patients, and biopsy alone in one patient) followed by radiation therapy to the craniospinal axis. The 5-year actuarial survival rate is 77% with a disease-free survival of 58%. Five patients have relapsed in the posterior fossa, one in the brain parenchyma, and two in osseous sites. Two of the local relapses occurred more than 4 years after initial treatment. Patients undergoing "total" resection of the tumor fared better than those with partial resection or biopsy only. Local failure was uncommon with posterior fossa doses greater than 55 Gy, and there was a trend toward better local control when the radiation therapy was completed in less than 7 weeks. The histologic indicators of poor outcome were necrosis, high mitotic index, and "classical" histologic appearance.
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PMID:Treatment of medulloblastoma in adults. 159 Feb 72

Shunting of cerebrospinal fluid to extracranial spaces has been a common and effective procedure for symptomatic therapy of hydrocephalus since the fifties. In 1954 the first spreading of tumor cells via a ventriculo-pleural shunt was reported. We are presenting a case of a 10 month old girl with a medulloblastoma of the lower brain stem with spreading of the intracranial tumor through a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Further 43 cases of the world literature with shunt-associated metastasizing of brain tumors are analysed. The extraneural spreading of tumor cells through shunt tubes must be considered as a possible complication of the shunting procedure.
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PMID:[A rare complication of shunt therapy. Metastasis of brain tumors by cerebrospinal fluid drainage]. 159 15

Expression of T-cell-receptor (TCR) V alpha and V beta genes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of 29 patients, 15 melanomas and 14 malignant glial tumors (glioma and medulloblastoma), was investigated. The identification and propagation of T cells with anti-tumor reactivity is crucial to the understanding of the human immune response to tumors, which may possibly be useful in the successful implementation of adoptive immunotherapy against cancer. Despite clinical evidence that a more favorable prognosis is associated with the degree of lymphocyte infiltration within a tumor, the actual role of TIL remains uncertain. In order to address this question, we examined the diversity of the RNA transcripts of TCR genes in TILs within 29 specimens obtained at surgery. Using the polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) method and primers for 18 different human TCR V alpha and 21 V beta families to analyze TCR V-(D)-J-C gene rearrangements, we detected a limited expression of TCR variable-region V alpha genes of TILs. TCR V beta gene rearrangements were more diverse than those for V alpha. In addition to restricted usage of TCR V alpha genes, preferential expression of V alpha 7 genes was found in 20 out of 29 cases (69%). Predominant usage of V alpha 7 genes was more remarkable in melanoma TILs (14/15) than in glial tumor TILs (6/14). These findings were also confirmed by Southern blot analysis with oligonucleotide probes for the constant (C) region of TCR alpha and beta chains. We suspect that some specific T-cell populations may be directed to antigenic determinants in melanoma cells.
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PMID:An analysis of T-cell-receptor variable-region genes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within malignant tumors. 156 39

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the disialoganglioside II3(NeuAc)2GgOse3Cer (GD2) were produced by immunizing mice with the GD2-expressing neuroblastoma cell line LAN-1 and a prefusion boost with purified GD2 coupled to Salmonella minnesota. Two IgM mAbs were isolated which demonstrated high levels of reactivity (binding ratios in excess of 100) with GD2 by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and positivity in high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostain; only one (DMAb-20) was subsequently shown by analysis with a panel of defined ganglioside species to be specific for the minimum epitope of GD2 GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-8-NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal-, DMAb-20 was used to evaluate the expression of GD2 by malignant glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines using cell surface radioimmunoassay. indirect membrane immunofluorescence. HPTLC immunostain, and densitometric analysis of extracted gangliosides from selected cell lines. Sixteen of 20 (80%) malignant glioma and 5 of 5 medulloblastoma cell lines reacted with DMAb-20; in agreement with previous studies, 5 of 5 neuroblastoma and 2 of 3 melanoma cell lines also reacted with DMAb-20, GD2 was proportionally increased in the glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines relative to levels in normal brain, as determined by densitometric analysis. In a phenotypic survey of malignant glioma biopsies, tumor cells in 24 of 30 (80%) cases stained positively with DMAb-20. Reactive astrocytes, both within the adjacent to tumors, were frequently intensely stained. Among the morphological variants of glioblastoma examined, the most intense staining with DMAb-20 was observed in neoplastic gemistocytes, with the weakest or absent staining in small cell glioblastomas. As GD2 is a commonly expressed surface antigen of gliomas and medulloblastomas, expression of which is retained in tissue culture. DMAb-20 will be useful in determining the functional role of GD2 in cell-cell interaction, adhesion, and invasion, and in defining altered growth control mechanisms of central nervous system neoplasms in in vitro models.
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PMID:Disialoganglioside GD2 in human neuroectodermal tumor cell lines and gliomas. 165 6

The MR examinations in 25 patients with intramedullary tumors were analyzed. Seven patients were diagnosed with astrocytoma, 6 ependymoma, 2 unspecified glioma, 3 medulloblastoma, 2 metastasis, one neurinoma, and one teratoma. In 3 patients the diagnosis was uncertain. The tumors frequently involved a large portion of the cord and were often accompanied by intratumor necrosis, cystic degeneration, and edema, which was well demonstrated on MR. Gd-DTPA was used in 6 patients and was helpful in separating solid tumor components from cysts and edema. It was difficult to separate different kind of tumors based on morphologic and signal characteristics on MR. Some prominent features could, however, be distinguished. Complete cystic degeneration was more common in astrocytomas than in other tumors, and ependymomas frequently had a heterogeneous signal pattern on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences. The single teratoma had a characteristic content of fat and calcification, and the melanoma had a signal pattern consistent with blood. CSF pathway spread in cases of medulloblastoma was demonstrated by ill-defined contour of the cord and CSF or tumor nodules on the surface of cord and nerve roots.
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PMID:MR imaging of spinal intramedullary tumors. 166 Feb 97

Recent reports suggest that protein phosphorylation is involved in neural differentiation. We have found that specific inhibitors of protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, Erbstatin, Genistein, Herbimycin A, effectively induce neural differentiation in a human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-DZ and a human medulloblastoma cell line Med-3, as indicated by the marked increase in the number of neurites/cell and in the expression of neurofilaments (160 k) detected by immunohistochemical studies. Possible involvement of protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues in the differentiation of neural tumor cells was stressed.
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PMID:[Inhibitors for protein tyrosine kinases, erbstatin, genistein and herbimycin A, induce differentiation of human neural tumor cell lines]. 166 58

Molecular genetic analysis of several common cancers has yielded information concerning their etiology and prognosis. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) studies showing consistent loss of specific DNA sequences in tumor tissue have identified genes, known as tumor suppressors, associated with the etiology of neoplasms of the adult colon, breast, lung, and brain. For several of these tumors, identifiable mutations of these genes in association with multiple chromosomal losses have been linked to a poor clinical outcome. Using RFLP and other techniques, we have determined that one or more tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 17p is involved in the etiology of both medulloblastoma and astrocytoma in children. Loss of chromosome 17p sequences is indicative of prognosis negative for these children. Molecular genetic data therefore supplement and in some cases surpass clinical criteria in predicting prognosis for these childhood tumors.
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PMID:Prognostic significance of molecular genetic markers in childhood brain tumors. 166 60

There are few population-based studies of intracranial tumours in children. This study examines 93 brain tumours in children up to 18 months of age from over 800 childhood central nervous system tumours reported to the Manchester Children's Tumour Registry during the period 1953-1987. The incidence was 1 per 25,000 live births. Of these tumours, 85% were malignant. The three most common tumours were medulloblastoma, ependymoma and juvenile astrocytoma. Eighteen percent of the tumours were in the axial region. Twenty-five percent were connected to the ventricles. The tumour was supratentorial in two-thirds of the children under 6 months of age. A high incidence of tumours in the families of these children was found; tumours were noted in two sets of siblings.
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PMID:Intracranial tumours in the first 18 months of life. 166 43


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