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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a review of primary and secondary tumors of the optic nerve. The emphasis is an optic nerve gliomas and meningiomas. Optic nerve gliomas are slowly growing astrocytic neoplasms of the anterior visual pathways, the majority of which occur within the first two decades of life, with equal sex incidence in about 1 of 200,000 patients presenting with eye complaints. The incidence is greater in neurofibromatosis. The typical presentation is visual impairment in a verbal pre-school child with optic canal enlargement and optic atrophy. An intraorbital location of the tumor leads to axial, irreducible, non-pulsatile proptosis. An intracranial location may disturb hypothalamic and pituitary function and produce hydrocephalus. Ocular findings may also include limited motility on a mechanical-restrictive basis, a pupillary relative afferent defect, nystagmus, and variable, non-specific visual field defects. Roentgenographic studies may show concentric unilateral enlargement of the optic canal with preservation of a well corticated margin, a fossa under the anterior clinoid process in continuity with the optic canal ('J'-shaped sella), and findings of increased intracranial pressure. On pathologic examination the tumor is a smooth, fusiform, intradural enlargement of the optic nerve. Histologically there is proliferation of elongated (pilocytic) astrocytes in reticulated patterns with intervening microcystic spaces containing mucosubstance and surrounding reactive hyperplasia of the arachnoid. Mitoses are not found. The diagnosis is clinical X-ray studies and brain scan should be performed. The differential diagnosis is that of unilateral proptosis in a child and includes acute ethmoiditis, hyperthyrobidism, craniostenosis, other neoplasms, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, and orbital hemorrhage due to trauma. Surgical resection is performed in cases with unilateral optic nerve involvement, the surgical approach being determined by tumor location. Bilateral or chiasmal cases are treated with radiotherapy when progression occurs. Malignant optic nerve gliomas and optic nerve hyperplasia are also discussed. Optic nerve meningiomas arise from the nerve sheath and are to be distinguished from orbital meningiomas arising from ectopic arachnoidal cells or those secondarily involving the orbit by extension from adjacent sites. Up to 80% of orbital meningiomas occur in females, in two age peaks, 25% in the first decade, and the rest in the 5th decade. Meningiomas present with visual loss and may produce proptosis, papilledema and/or optic atrophy, retinal striae, opticociliary shunts, limitation of extra-ocular movements, and lid edema, Signs of von Recklinghausen's disease should be sought. X-rays are the mainstay of diagnosis. Orbital meningiomas are composed of cells in sheets or in whorls with some spindle shaped cells. Calcifications are typical. Usually the dura is penetrated and the orbit invaded. Primary orbital meningiomas are locally infiltrating but do not metastasize. Complete local excision en bloc is recommended...
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PMID:Tumors of the optic nerve. 77 17

Authors report on the case of one patient exhibiting, since three months, a spontaneous thinorrhea and directed to them with the diagnosis of pituitary tumor. The neuro-roentgenologic inquiry discovers a ventricular dilatation and an evagination of the III rd. ventricle into the pituitary fossa ; it also puts in evidence a tumor of the posterior cerebral fossa. We are dealing here with a meningioma of the posterior aspect of temporal pyramid (petrosal bone). If tumoral hydrocephalus is common, its complication with a spontaneous rhinorrhea is, on the contrary, exceptional. We are therefore obliged to consider the pre-existing in this female patient of a deficiency of the pituitary diaphragm that has favoured the intra-sellar diverticle of the III rd ventricle, in the same manner as it makes possible, in other circumstances the arachnoidocele in the syndrome of empty pituitary fossa. Exeresis of the tumor, by suppressing the intracranial hypertension, stopped the rhinorrhea and has considerably improved the visual signs.
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PMID:[Spontaneous rhinorrhea of unusual etiology]. 81 54

The records of children with hydrocephalus secondary to posterior fossa tumors were reviewed and the methods of treatment compared with their subsequent clinical course. Of 86 patients evaluated, 47 had no treatment for hydrocephalus prior to tumor removal., 12 had external ventricular drainage, and 27 had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts before suboccipital craniectomy. Children with CSF shunts before tumor removal had significantly better postoperative conditions than the children without shunts (p less than 0.01). Operative mortality of children without treatment of hydrocephalus before tumor surgery was 12.8%; it was 3.7% in the children with preexisting shunts. Treatment of hydrocephalus with a CSF shunt prior to suboccipital craniectomy was a safe procedure that significantly lowered the morbidity and mortality of subsequent tumor removal
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PMID:Management of hydrocephalus secondary to posterior fossa tumors. 83 Aug 15

Computerized axial tomography (CAT), a noninvasive radiologie method, provides a new dimension in screening and diagnosis of intracranial pathology. Evaluation of 725 scans in infants and children demonstrates that CAT may be performed with negligible risk, although sedation and restraint are essential to the successful performance of studies in children under 6 years of age. CAT is the preferred initial diagnostic method in suspected hydrocephalls and is accurate in the detection and precise localization of brain tumors. The management of hydrocephalus and brain tumors has been significantly altered by the availability of CAT. Few invasive neuroradiologic procedures are required and pneumography is especially curtailed. Serial scanning is the best available method of monitoring ventricular alterations in hydrocephalus, tumor size during radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and postoperative recurrence of benign neoplasms. Complex intracranial anomalies are detectable with computerized tomography, but complete definition of pathology often requires angiography and air studies. Limited clinical experience in detecting neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage suggests that CAT will be a valuable tool for futlre investigations of that problem.
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PMID:Computerized axial tomography in clinical pediatrics. 83 3

An unusual case of acute bilateral loss of vision simulating pituitary apoplexy but due instead to a fatal hemorrhage into a hypothalamic glioma is reported. The clinician dealing with abrupt loss of vision must promptly rule out ocular and orbital causes and then proceed immediately to a consideration of the variety of intracranial lesions which may cause sudden visual loss. Uihlein and Rucker have listed them in descending order of frequency: pituitary adenoma, tumors of the optic nerve and chiasm, supraclinoid aneurysm, parasellar lesion, thrombosis of the carotid artery, hydrocephalus of the third ventricle, chiasmal arachnoiditis, fracture of the anterior cranial fossa, basofrontal tumor of the skull, and pseudotumor cerebri. Neurologic, ophthalmologic, and neuroradiologic evaluations should be obtained without delay and will usually define the lesion and point to the appropriate treatment.
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PMID:Simulated pituitary apoplexy: report of an unusual case due to hemorrhage into hypothalamic astrocytoma. 84 14

The author reports the case of a pituitary dwarf with choreoathetoid movement of the tongue and both arms as results of a shunt malfunction. He had undergone craniotomy for excision of a suprasellar craniopharyngioma, and 13 years later complete cerebral angiography and Conray ventriculography showed massive hydrocephalus with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Revision of the shunt was followed by complete recovery of the movement disorder.
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PMID:Abnormal movements with hydrocephalus. Case report. 84 57

Chiasmal syndromes (characterized by bitemporal field defects, decrease of vision and simple optic atrophy) are not only caused by tumors within the chiasmal region, but also occur in inflammatory, toxic, demyelinizing and hereditary-atrophic processes of the chiasm, respectively the optic nerve. In the presence of classic bitemporal visual field defects the probability of a tumor within the sellar region is very great. Apart from the most frequent pituitary adenoma one has to consider the craniopharyngioma, the meningioma of the tuberculum sellae, the olfactory meningioma and the meningioma of the sphenoid wing. The specific symptomatology of these sellar, supra- or parasellar tumors is discussed. In the presence of atypical or incipient bitemporal visual field defects, as they occur also in the early stages of tumors of the chiasmal region, one has first of all to exclude all other possible causes for such field defects such as refraction scotomas, tobacco-alcohol-amblyopias, dominant hereditary optic atrophies, the uni- or bilateral optic neuritis and the intoxications of the optic nerves. In the differential diagnosis of tumors of the sellar region one has to consider infra- and supraclinoidal aneurysms, tumors of the chiasm (gliomas of the chiasm), the distant effect of a hydrocephalus of the IIIrd ventricle on the chiasm and the optochiasmatic arachnoiditis.
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PMID:[Chiasmal syndromes (author's transl)]. 85 69

Twenty-six cases of non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct are reviewed. This condition may take a very chronic course and may not be revealed until decompensation of hydrocephalus takes place. Poor athletic record in the school or intellectual impairment in early life, commonly overlooked, can presage the more obvious symptoms. A prolonged follow-up of these cases is essential to exclude a slowly growing neoplasm near the aqueduct. Our management and the outcome of these cases is discussed.
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PMID:Non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct presenting in adolescence and adult life. 88 4

The clinical picture and diagnosis of tumors of the brain in infants of the first year of life are analyzed. Supratentorial tumors predominate (60%) at this age; 76% of the tumors were localized on the midline of the brain and grew into the ventricular system. The tumours were large and always induced the development of concomitant hydrocephalus. The disease was most frequently encountered among boys. The syndrome of progressive hydrocephalus comes to the forefront in the clinical picture and does not differ in clinical signs from that encountered in progressive hydrocephalus of nontumorous genesis. That is why every infant under the age of one year with hydrocephalus should be examined for tumor of the brain to exclude it as the cause. The diagnosis of brain tumors in infants of this age is extremely difficult and is possible only with use of a complex of additional radiocontrast methods of examination.
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PMID:[Clinical and diagnostic characteristics of brain tumors in children in the 1st year of life]. 89 46

The authors present a case report of the successful removal of an epidermoid tumor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The tumor was confined to the ventricular cavity and was not adherent or connected to the choroid plexus. Spilling of tumor material during surgery was presumed to have contributed to the development of a postoperative acute hydrocephalus, either by obstructing the cerebospinal fluid pathways or by causing an aseptic meningitis in conjunction with cholesterol in the ventricular fluid in the postoperative period.
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PMID:Epidermoid tumor of the lateral ventricle. 93 61


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