Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured by a sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay in 580 patients with a variety of malignant and nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases to determine the incidence of levels elevated above 40 ng/ml. Over 200 normal control subjects have all had levels below 40 ng/ml. Fifteen % of 95 patients with gastric carcinoma, 3 percent of 191 patients with colorectal carcinoma, 24 percent of 45 patients with pancreatic carcinoma, 25 percent of 8 patients with biliary tract carcinoma, and 70 percent of 73 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein. None of 14 patients with esophageal or small bowel carcinoma had elevated levels. In contrast, 1 percent of 154 patients with nonmalignant, nonhepatic gastrointestinal disease had elevations of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Alpha-Fetoprotein appears to be a potential marker for tumor activity in some patients with certain gastrointestinal cancers.
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PMID:Serum alpha-fetoprotein in patients with neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. 4 83

A staging scheme for hepatocellular carcinoma was presented at an International Symposium on Liver Cancer in Kampala, Uganda in 1971. Historical, clinical, and laboratory aspects of that staging scheme were examined for prognostic significance in 72 untreated patients with this disease studied at the Uganda Cancer Institute. The median survival for the entire group was 1 month. The presence of a serum bilirubin concentration of greater than 2 mg/100 ml or weight loss greater than 25 percent of body weight were the poorest prognostic features. Other factors with prognostic significance were visible abdominal collateral circulation, ascites, tumor differentiation, and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, alpha fetoprotein, and proline hydroxylase. A modified staging scheme is presented which defines three prognostically different groups of Ugandan patients. It is hoped this staging scheme will serve as a stimulus for analysis of similar prognostic features in other populations of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:A staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors in Ugandan patients. 4 61

A review of 227 cases of hepatoblastoma, hepatic cell carcinoma in children seen in the United States over a 10-yr period is presented. Both tumors were seen most commonly in infancy, but the hepatocellular carcinoma shows a second peak of incidence around puberty. Males predominated in both diseases more so in hepatoblastoma. Presenting symptoms in both diseases were very similar, most commonly an upper abdominal mass or abdominal enlargement associated with anorexia and weight loss. In the preoperative evaluation the presence of alpha-feto protein was one of the most helpful diagnostic tests. Disturbances of liver function were usually mild but were more marked in those children with hepatocellular carcinoma. Preoperative x-rays were abnormal in a large percentage of cases with the hepatic arteriogram and vena cavagram being the most useful diagnostic x-rays for liver tumors. Liver scans were positive for liver tumor in 95% of the children when this test was carried out. The follow-up for these patients ranged from 2 to 10 yr. The size of the primary tumor did not appear to correlate with survival but bilateral location of the tumor, 33% in hepatoblastoma and 45% in hepatocellular carcinoma, made many of these tumors inoperable. Multicentric tumors were also found in a large number of patients, being more common in hepatocellular carcinoma. There was a high rate of local recurrence or local extension after operation in both diseases, and metastatic spread was similar being most common to the lungs and abdomen. A wide variety of surgical procedures were carried out in these patients from biopsy only to extended hepatic lobectomy. When incomplete excision or biopsy only was carried out no patient survived in either group. Among the hepatoblastoma patients, 45 of 78 patients who had complete excision are surviving. In the hepatocellular carcinoma patients where the operability rate was much lower 12 of 33 patients are surviving when tumor was completely excised. Complications were frequent, the most common being excessive blood loss at operation. There were eight operative deaths and 17 postoperative deaths in the combined group. There was no evidence that radiation therapy or chemotherapy controlled disease which could not be completely excised surgically. The only direct evidence of a favorable effect of radiation and chemotherapy were three cases of hepatoblastoma in which the tumor changed from inoperable to operable by a combination of radiation therapy and multiple drug chemotherapy. Both tumors are highly malignant, and 90% of the children who died of hepatoblastoma died within 12 mo of diagnosis. In the hepatocellular carcinoma 80% of the deaths occurred within 1 yr of diagnosis. At this time it seems that operative excision offers the only chance of cure in children with these tumors and cure rates of 60% can be expected with hepatoblastoma and 33% in hepatocellular carcinoma if the tumor can be completely excised.
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PMID:Liver tumors in children in the particular reference to hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: American Academy of Pediatrics Surgical Section Survey--1974. 4 16

Five cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in whom diagnosis was made when the tumor was relatively small, are described. In 2 cases, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) strted to rise sharply, which enabled early detection and surgical removal of the tumor. Serum AFP was below 100 ng per ml, but above the upper normal limit by radioimmunoassay, and was unfluctuating for a considerable period of time before it began to rise in 2 cases. It was negative throughout in 1 case, who lived more than 4 years after the tumor had reached a detectable size. In 4 of 5 cases, the tumor seemed to have evolved during a stage of chronic hepatitis or its transition to cirrhosis. In 1 case with chronic schistosomiasis and advanced mixed macro- and micronodular cirrhosis, a 1.5-cm tumor was detected by celiac angiography. These observations on time relationship of oncogenesis may be generalized to modify the cirrhotic liver. Necessity is emphasized for the early detection of this type of carcinoma to monitor serum AFP in chronic hepatitis patients, particularly in those with unfluctuating, mildly abnormal levels of AFP.
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PMID:Clinical observations during a relatively early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma, with special reference to serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. 5 Feb 51

Two chemically induced, antigenically distinct guinea pig hepatoma cell lines, line 1 and line 10, which are resistant to killing by rabbit anti-Forssman or specific antitumor antibody and complement, can be rendered susceptible when the cells are pretreated with metabolic inhibitors and drugs commonly used for the treatment of cancer patients. The effect appears within 7 hr after initial contact with the inhibitors and is dependent on temperature and on inhibitor concentration; the effect is reversible within 7 hr, and the process of reversion is also temperature dependent. Not all preparations of tumor cells were rendered susceptible following treatment with inhibitors. In some cases, susceptibility to killing by complement was observed with anti-Forssman antibody but not antitumor antibody. No clear correlation between known metabolic inhibitory activity of the inhibitors and conversion to the sensitive state could be made. The results suggest that properties of nucleated cells, which are under metabolic control, play an important role in the killing efficiency of antibody and complement.
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PMID:Enhancing effect by metabolic inhibitors on the killing of tumor cells by antibody and complement. 5 4

Alpha-1-fetoprotein is an example of a circulating, measurable tumor product of diagnostic and therapeutic value. The involvement of its synthesis could be a result of a premalign cellular change in cell biochemistry. Contrary to the synthesis of trophic hormones in certain undifferentiated neoplasms, alpha-1-fetoprotein in hepatoma is specific for the organ origin of the tumor. Unlike the immunoglobulins in myeloma or the corticosteroids in adrenocortical tumors, it is a protein that normally can be synthetized in the fetus only. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss a new method for testing serum samples of blood donors being suspected of an alpha-1-protein by means of counterelectrophoresis. The diagnostic value is shown in a blood donor who could be singled out as a suspect of primary liver carcinoma only by means of serological testing.
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PMID:[Serological identification of carcinospecific antigens (and their significance as donor screening or for specific groups of diseases)]. 5 22

The line-1 guinea pig hepatoma was used to study in vitro tumor cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined by measurement of the loss of tritiated thymidine-labeled target cells from culture vessels. With this technique, we demonstrated that significant tumor cytotoxicity was caused by lymphoid cells from tumor-immune guinea pigs, by cells from guinea pigs immunized against an antigen urelated to the tumor target, and by cell-free supernatants rich in lymphocyte mediators. Addition of normal peritoneal exudate cells enhanced the cytotoxic potential of a small number of highly purified immune lymphocytes, which suggested that recruitment of normal cells is an additional mechanism of tumor cell death in this system.
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PMID:Multiple in vitro mechanisms of tumor cytotoxicity demonstrated in the line-1 guinea pig hepatoma model. 5 20

(1) Passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay are suitable methods for the detection of AFP in the low concentration range. (2) In 3.72% of the cases a clinically unknown carcinoma was found in an unselected group of patients with liver cirrhosis. (3) 21.9% of the patients showed AFP elevations up to 2000 ng/ml. In 10.6% of this group, increasing titers demonstrated a primary liver cell carcinoma. In 89.4% a transitory rise of AFP was not associated with tumor growth. Levels return to normal values within three months in 90% of the cases. (4) Transitory AFP elevations are not correlated to clinical conditions (praecoma, coma, delirium, bleeding, ascites, shunt) or to biochemical parameters (GOT, GPT, bilirubin, prothrombin complex time, gamma-globulin). (5) A temporary rise in AFP is more frequently observed in groups with high hepatoma incidence than in groups with low hepatoma incidence. (6) Therefore, it may be suggested that a transitory rise of AFP could reflect a "primary reaction" of carcinogenesis. (7) Primary liver cell carcinoma is found to be more frequent in posthepatitic than in postalcoholic, cryptogenic, and other cirrhosis and to be more frequent in australia-antigen positive than in australia-antigen negative cases. (8) Routine serological tumor antigen screening of patients with a precancerous disease is useful.
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PMID:Early detection of hepatoma: prospective study in liver cirrhosis using passive hemagglutination and the radioimmunoassay. 5 21

Quantitative determinations of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) by radioimmunoassay in 193 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have demonstrated a wide variation in serum levels that appear to be relatively constant for each patient by the time that diagnosis is made. If there is no therapeutic intervention the serum AFP usually follows a gradual increase as the tumor progresses. A few patients have a fall in serum AFP as a preterminal event. Various forms of chemotherapy cause only minor and transient decrease in serum AFP. Surgical resection of tumor produces an immediate fall that parallels the catabolic decay rate for AFP. All AFP-positive patients treated with surgery had recurrence of their tumor with a rise in serum AFP preceeding clinical discovery. The correlation of serum AFP and effective treatment is demonstration of the usefulness of this oncofetal protein marker as an indicator of neoplastic activity for hepatocellular carcinoma and tumors with embryonal cell components and possibly for some other entodermally derived neoplasms.
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PMID:Effect of surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment on alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 5 16

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) synthesis by adult rats during gestation and hepatoma growth was determined in vitro with specific precipitations of radiolabeled AFP antisera after incubation of Spinner cultures of various rat tissues in arginine-free culture medium containing radiolabeled arginine. In general, AFP was synthesized by fetal liver, yolk sac, small intestine, and transplantable (tumor) tissue; none of the normal adult tissues, including testis or ovary, produced AFP. AFP synthesis (measured over 22 hours) was confined to the fetal liver (367 ng), yolk sac (1,368 ng), and to a small extent, the gastrointestinal tract during 19-day gestation. None of the maternal tissues produced AFP. When measured during growth of a transplantable hepatoma, AFP was synthesized only by the hepatoma tissue, though the nontumor tissue of the host contained AFP, due to release of AFP from the cultured tissue as it degenerated in vitro, but did not produce it (noninvolved tissues of hepatoma-bearing rats did not incorporate labeled arginine into AFP in vitro). Identifying fetal organs responsible for AFP synthesis explains observed AFP concentration changes in the postpartum period in rats, since elevated AFP in the mother is caused by AFP produced by the fetus which crosses the placenta or yolk sac to maternal circulation. Elevations above normal (.06 mcg/ml) adult rat concentrations occur in 3 circumstances in the nonpregnant rat: 1) development of AFP-producing tumors; 2) proliferation by normal liver cells; and 3) exposure to chemical carcinogens.
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PMID:Tissue sites of alpha fetoprotein synthesis by the rat during pregnancy and hepatoma growth. 5 49


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