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 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The focus of infection with HIV is the lymphatic system, resulting in a specific HIV-related pathology in the parotid. Of the salivary glands, the parotid gland is unusual in including lymphoid tissue within its capsule. Infection by HIV is accompanied by a characteristic follicular hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue which can be recognized histologically as primary HIV lymphadenopathy and presents clinically as persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Subsequent opportunistic infections and HIV-related neoplasia can result in secondary HIV lymphadenopathy. Parotid lymph nodes reflect these HIV-related changes. Diffuse enlargement of the parotid glands are further manifestations of HIV infection. All patients who presented to a general surgical unit of the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, over the 2-year period of 1989-1991 were studied in a prospective clinicopathological study of lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of HIV infection was made clinically and with a single serological test. Parotid lymphadenopathy was present in 69 of 261 HIV-seropositive patients with generalized lymphadenopathy who underwent lymph node biopsy during the 2-year period. In all but one patient, biopsy of a node other than the parotid provided the histological diagnosis. 9 patients presented with bilateral parotid enlargement. 8 of the patients had generalized lymphadenopathy caused by primary HIV lymphadenopathy in 5, Kaposi's disease in 2 and tuberculous lymphadenitis in 1. 4 patients presented with multiple cystic parotid lesions of between 1 month and 4 years duration. Unilateral extraparotid lymphoepithelial cysts of a diameter of 2 and 3 cm were removed from the jugulodigastric area of 2 patients with generalized lymphadenopathy. Parotid disease not related to HIV included: 1 case each of papillary carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma; 7 patients with parotid lymph nodes, and 3 patients with diffuse bilateral parotid enlargement.
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PMID:Parotid disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zambia. 836 52

The mortality rate and causes of death after a hip fracture were studied in 493 consecutive patients with a hip fracture. All patients were treated in three hospitals in Utrecht, The Netherlands. The mortality rate following hip fractures is high and age dependent. Forty-five patients, 38 women and 7 men, died during the period of hospitalization (9.1%). One year after the date of hip fracture 23.6% of the women had died and 33.0% of the men. Four years after the date of hip fracture the mortality rates in women and men were 44.4% and 55.3%, respectively. Male sex, concomitant illnesses and in-hospital complications are negative determinants of survival. The in-hospital mortality was due to: cerebrovascular accident (n = 7), cardiac decompensation (n = 12), myocardial infarction (n = 4), pulmonary infection (n = 6), intestinal bleeding (n = 1) and sepsis (n = 5). From the registration of death causes we learned that 54 deaths were directly due to the hip fracture, 4 due to bed sores, 34 due to infectious diseases, 62 due to cardiovascular disease, 22 due to cerebrovascular accidents, 14 due to diabetes mellitus, and 33 due to neoplasm. The high mortality rate within the first 8 weeks after the date of hip fracture was mainly attributed to the hip fracture.
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PMID:Mortality and causes of death after hip fractures in The Netherlands. 140 39

Infection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is well known for the particular host susceptibility to a variety of opportunistic infections and unusual malignant neoplasms. Although no tumor develops exclusively in concomitance with HIV infection, malignancies in these patients have different clinical behaviour, response to treatment and prognosis than the pattern observed in HIV negative hosts. Kaposi's sarcoma (EKS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are tumors per se diagnostic of AIDS in patients with HIV infection. From 1987 to 1991, 210 HIV positive patients underwent ENT examination without symptom-related selection: 128 were intravenous drug users, 50 homosexual males, 22 heterosexuals, 4 intravenous male homosexual drug users, 3 blood recipients and 3 subjects without known risk factors. Sixteen were allocated in group II, 37 in III, 9 in IV A, 2 in IV B, 31 in IV C1, 37 in IV C2, 48 in IV D and 30 in IV E. Fourteen had head and neck EKS localization. All were males, with a median age of 40 of which 11/14 were homosexuals. The concomitant involvement of skin and mucosa was the most common manifestation and the palate was the most frequently affected mucosal site. Twenty-four had NHL localized within the head and neck: 21 males and 4 females with a average age of 38, 10 intravenous drug users, 9 homosexual males, 3 heterosexuals, 1 blood recipient, 1 subject without known risk factors. Extranodal localization was the most frequent characteristic while the gums were the most commonly involved site. The main characteristics of head and neck manifestations of EKS and NHL are reported with references to literature. The majority of HIV infected patients with EKS or NHL have ENT localizations, perhaps because lymphatic tissue, a HIV target, is well represented in this area and contamination by infectious agents (such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, probably involved in the pathogenesis of EKS and NHL) can easily occur in the head and neck. The otolaryngologist should be aware of the various, and sometimes misleading, characteristics of these diseases.
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PMID:[The cervicofacial manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma and of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in HIV-infected patients]. 141 19

Normal adrenal gland contains an anteromodial ridge and two asymmetric wings. This results in the characteristic features of cross-sectional images in different levels of a section. When adrenal gland is diffusely enlarged, it initially becomes thickened. As it grows larger, it may stimulate a focal mass lesion or it may appear irregular in shape. However, the basic forms in different section planes are still somewhat maintained. In bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, the medulla may be seen as a highly echogenic linear structure on US and a high-density linear structure on CT. The other causes of diffuse adrenal enlargement are hemorrhage, infectious disease, infiltrating neoplastic disease, and congenital metabolic deficiency disease.
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PMID:US and CT evaluation of diffusely enlarged adrenal gland. 141 7

The Goerlitz Autopsy Study is a population-based autopsy study, conducted in 1987 in the municipality of Goerlitz, population 78,484, in former East Germany. It is unique in that 1,023 (96.5 percent) of the 1,060 subjects who died in the municipality over a period of one year were investigated by full autopsy. An underlying cause was assigned to every death, using the procedures recommended by the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, ninth revision, German edition. Assignment of cause of death was done independently by the attending clinician and the pathology team who performed the autopsy. The data were analyzed through cross-classification of deaths by death certificate diagnosis and autopsy-based diagnosis. Sensitivity and positive predictive values were calculated for the death certificate diagnoses, assuming that the autopsy findings represent the correct reference set. Overall, 47 percent of diagnoses on death certificates differed from those based on autopsy and, for 30 percent of the subjects, the difference crossed a major disease category. The proportion of disagreement was higher for deaths occurring in nursing homes and among the very old, but was unrelated to gender. In the death certificates, diseases of the circulatory system and endocrine and metabolic disorders were over-represented, whereas infectious diseases, neoplasms, and respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary diseases were under-represented. Neoplasms in the death certificates are characterized by relatively high sensitivity and predictive values, even though these were still unsatisfactory, given the chronicity of the clinical course and the opportunities available for correct diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Accuracy of death certificates: a population-based, complete-coverage, one-year autopsy study in East Germany. 142 Aug 57

Monoclonal hybrid antibodies are bi-specific constructs of two monoclonal antibodies with defined specificity. Hybrid antibodies can be used to force interactions between cell populations that under normal circumstances would not react with one another. Applications include the field of basic research as well as employment in therapy of malignancies and infectious diseases. The first part of this review describes the characteristic properties of hybrid antibodies and gives a short introduction into basic techniques for the production of these molecules. In the second part we present our observations on T-lymphocyte development studied with hybrid antibodies in fetal thymic organ cultures. Finally, we show that hybrid antibodies encompassing a binding site to the T-cell receptor and a binding site to a surface marker on tumor cells can be used to recruit cytotoxic T-cells to eliminate efficiently the malignant cells. Our data demonstrate that monoclonal hybrid antibodies are useful in the future development of new therapeutical principles, through facilitation of the immune response.
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PMID:[Monoclonal hybrid antibodies. New perspectives for basic research and tumor therapy]. 143 94

Bispecific antibodies--molecules combining two different antigenic specificities--are currently being developed as new agents for immunotherapy and for basic studies in cell biology. Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are prepared by chemically linking two different monoclonal antibodies or by fusing two hybridoma cell lines to produce a hybrid-hybridoma. Both of these approaches present challenges with respect to yield and purity that should eventually be solved through newer molecular genetic approaches. BsAb have been used to demonstrate that specific surface molecules can trigger leukocytes to either phagocytose or kill tumor cells, viruses, parasites, and infected cells. Such trigger molecules include CD3 on T lymphocytes and Fc receptors for IgG on monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. BsAb have also been used experimentally to localize toxins to tumor sites and fibrinolytic agents to areas of thrombosis, to study the molecular specificity of particular receptors, and as adjuvants in in vitro models of vaccines for infectious disease. The limited clinical trials that have occurred to date, primarily for therapy of tumors, suggest that BsAb may offer considerable promise for therapeutic applications, including cancer, heart disease, infectious disease, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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PMID:Bispecific antibodies. 147 20

This paper summarizes different theoretical and clinical approaches contributing to the concept of dose intensification. According to this concept, the amount of antineoplastic drug delivered per time predominantly determines the clinical outcome in patients with neoplastic disease. With the availability of recombinant haemopoietic growth factors haematotoxic side effects might be reduced, making this concept more feasible for clinical use. However, more prospective randomized studies, in which dose-intensity is the only treatment variable, are needed to prove that dose intensification will lead to higher survival rates.
Infection 1992
PMID:The concept of dose intensification in the treatment of neoplastic disease. 149 34

To investigate a possible role of cytokines in parvovirus-mediated suppression of tumorigenesis, we tested in cell culture whether parvoviruses are able to induce interferon (IFN)-beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interleukin-6 (IL-6). Infection of rodent or human cells with the parvoviruses minute virus of mice (MVM), H-1 or adeno-associated virus (AAV) types 2 or 5 failed to induce expression of the luciferase or beta-galactosidase reporter genes transfected into these cells as constructs containing an IFN-beta promoter. Parvoviruses did weakly induce synthesis of TNF-alpha and of IL-6 in cell culture and could slightly enhance synthesis of these cytokines when induced by other agents. These in vitro data suggest that the rather unspecific tumor-suppressive properties of parvoviruses are unlikely to be attributable to stimulation of the synthesis of IFN, TNF or IL-6.
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PMID:Parvoviruses are inefficient in inducing interferon-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or interleukin-6 in mammalian cells. 152 25

We have previously reported on the design and content of a screening battery involving a "tier" approach for detecting potential immunotoxic compounds in mice (Luster et al., 1988, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10, 2-19). This battery has now been utilized to examine a variety of compounds by the NIEHS Immunotoxicology Laboratory, the National Toxicology Program-sponsored laboratories, and by the Cell Biology Department at the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. The database generated from these studies, which consists of over 50 selected compounds, has been collected and analyzed in an attempt to improve future testing strategies and provide information to aid in quantitative risk assessment for immunotoxicity. Studies presented here have established the ability of each of the tests or test combinations in the screening battery to detect immunotoxic compounds. Efforts are currently underway using this database to determine the relationships between these immune tests and susceptibility to challenge with infectious agents or transplantable tumor cells. The present analyses indicated that the performance of only two or three immune tests are sufficient to predict immunotoxic compounds in rodents (greater than 90% concordance). The tests that showed the highest association with immunotoxicity were the splenic antibody plaque forming cell response (78%) and cell surface marker analysis (83%). The relationship between immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as genotoxicity, was also determined. These analyses suggested that potential immunotoxic compounds are likely to be rodent carcinogens (p = 0.019) although for compounds that are not immunotoxic the carcinogenic status is unclear. There was no relationship observed between immunotoxicity and mutagenicity as determined using in vitro genotoxicity tests. The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the relationship between immunotoxicity tests and biological/toxicological processes concerned with human health (e.g., infectious disease).
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PMID:Risk assessment in immunotoxicology. I. Sensitivity and predictability of immune tests. 153 77


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