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Query: UMLS:C0027651 (tumor)
 685,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five patients with breast cancer and malignant melanoma are reported. Two patients had a third primary malignancy. In 4 out of 5 patients the breast tumor was the initial tumor discovered, and in 4 out of 5 the second tumor evolved metachronously. No specific carcinogenic factor could be established. The low malignancy potential of the melanoma by pathologic criteria may explain the lack of previous reports of this association.
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PMID:Malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the breast. 16 40

Five hundred consecutive cases of breast carcinoma were studied to determine the incidence of multicentric lesions in the resected specimens. When residual tumor in juxtaposition to the primary tumor or biopsy cavity is excluded, 41.6 per cent of specimens exhibited multicentric foci of tumor; 31 per cent of such foci were in sectors or quadrants remote from the primary tumor. In more than half of these cases the lymph nodes were uninvolved and cure rate would have been maximal had these multicentric tumor foci been removed. These findings confirm previous similar studies and we consider tylectomy an inappropriate mode of therapy for breast cancer.
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PMID:The case against tylectomy for carcinoma of the breast. The factor of multicentricity. 16 92

In estrogen target tissues and hormone-dependent tumors, the steroid enters the cells and binds to a cytoplasmic protein called the estrogen receptor (ER). The steroid-receptor complex then migrates to the nuclei, where it initiates the biochemicial events characteristic of estrogen stimulation. Since ER is absent in tissues not responsive to estrogen, recent studies have asked whether ER assays in human breast cancer tissue might be used to identify those patients likely to respond to endocrine therapy. Data on 436 clinical trials contributed from a dozen centers around the world now clearly indicate that if a patient's tumor does not contain ER, there is virtually no chance of tumor regression following endocrine therapy. A large number of patients can be thus spared unrewarding major endocrine ablative therapy if ER assays are performed routinely. Of tumors with positiev ER, 55-60% respond to endocrine therapy. This single piece of data, when coupled with available clinical prognostic factors such as menopausal status, disease free interval, site of the dominant lesion, and especially response to previous hormonal therapies, should be practicing oncologist to select or reject endocrine therapy with considerable confidence.
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PMID:Current status of estrogen receptors in human breast cancer. 16 60

Less than half of premenopausal patients with mammary cancer and even fewer postmenopausal patients have tumors that respond to endocrine ablation. The level of estrogen receptor protein (estrophilin) in the mammary cancer tissue provides an indication of the hormone dependency of the tumor and may be sued to predict the response to endocrine treatment when recurrent disease appears. Metastatic growths usually have a similar content. This is a report of an investigation of the estrophilin content of specimens of tumors from patients with metastatic and recurrent mammary cancer for correlation with their response to endocrine changes. Primary tumors were also studied for future clinical use if needed. The estrophilin was determined in specimens from 214 metastatic growths and 359 primary breast cancers. The uptake of estradiol in an in vitro system and the blocking effect of specific inhibitors provided a means of distinguishing between estrogen responsive tissues which contained receptor proteins and non-estrogen-responsive tissues which did not contain these receptors. Some form of endocrine manipulation was used in 82 patients. Of these, 69 had ablative therapy. Of the 69, significant receptor levels were present in 27 and 2/3 of them had remissions. Of the 42 with negative e strophilin determinations, none had a remission after ablation. Therefore, the absence of significant amounts of estrophilin in breast cancer tissue indicates that the patient has little chance of responding to endocrine manipulation and should be spared this method. In 16 others, hormonal additive treatment was used. Only 1 of 6 patients with negative determinations benefited temporarily from the additive hormone therapy. Discussion and questions by others followed presentation of this paper. Other hormones as possibly important were suggested. Combining chemotherapy with adrenalectomy was suggested. It was stated that some noncancerous breast tissues also contain estrogen binding proteins. Dr. Block answered questions and added comments. He stated that estrophilin is present in many tissues but in very low amounts. It is a quantitative difference that is important.
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PMID:The prediction of hormonal dependency of mammary cancer. 16 54

The complement-fixation-inhibition (CFI) test was evaluated as a means of detecting humoral antibodies in cat sera and in human sera to mammalian C-type RNA virus interspecies antigen(s). CFI antibody titers of greater than or equal 1:2 were detected in sera from all tumor bearing (23) and normal cats (23), however, sera from most germ free cats were negative. When the same cat sera were tested for blocking antibody by the paired radioiodine labeled antibody technique the correlation between the radioimmune assay and CFI tests was 85%. Sera from 378 cancer patients and 193 normal people were tested for antibodies to the mammalian oncornavirus interspecies-specific antigen in the CFI test. This test used a rabbit antiserum prepared toward a purified feline leukemia virus (FeLV) interspecies antigen. Disrupted Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) was used as source of interspecies antigen in the CFI test. A significantly (P=0.01) higher number of reactions occurred with sera from patients with lymphosarcoma (70.4%), osteosarcoma (41.0%), reticulum cell sarcoma (56.7%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (31.8%) as opposed to sera from normal individuals (6.2%). Of 51 sera from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia 23.5% (P=0.05) were reactive. Of the sera from 88 breast cancer patients 22.7% reacted, as opposed to 7.8% of 116 normal females and 13.9% of 43 patients with benign breast disease. CFI antibody titers were shown to be dependent on RLV antigen concentration. Absorption with human A and B red blood cell (RBC) and Forssman antigen did not reduce the CFI titers in human sera whereas absorption with RLV reduced them significantly. By indirect radioimmunoelectrophoresis the antibody in selected human sera was shown to be an IgG.
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PMID:Complement-fixation-inhibition as a test for antibodies in cats and humans to C-type RNA tumor virus antigen. 16 19

Normal mammary gland cells are sensitive to a number of hormones, of which estrogen and prolactin exert the most obvious effects. Some breast cancer cells are also sensitive. Cytoplasmic receptor sites for each hormone are responsible for the interaction between the hormone and the cell. The presence of estrogen receptor has been especially studied in humans. Data collected from several sources are reviewed. The prese nce of estrogen receptors has been assayed in 154 primary breast tumors and 72 metastatic breast tumors for correlation with response to endocri ne therapy. Positive values were found in 70% of primary and 58% of metastatic specimens. Of 211 treatment trials, ablative therapy produced objective tumor regressions in 33%. Of the 94 trials with negative receptor values, only 8 were successful while 59 of the 107 trials in patients with positive receptor values succeeded. In those with borderline tumor receptor, values had a 30% response. With additive therapy, 34% of 170 trials showed tumor regression. Of these, 82 had negat ive receptor values but 8% were successful, whereas of 85 with positive receptor values, 60% were favorable. With miscellaneous therapy, 27% of 55 trials gave responses to a variety of endocrine therapies, including antiestrogens. The 32 with negative receptor values gave 16% of favorable responses whereas 43% of 23 trials in those with positive receptor values succeeded. Estrogen receptor assays performed routinely would spare patients with negative results from unnecessary major ablative therapy. Of those with positive findings, 55-60% might be benefited. The fact that all with positive receptor values do not respond is attributed to the fact that this is only part of the hormonal control system. Other biochemical lesions are assumed to have occurred in patients when endocrine therapy fails despite positive estrogen receptor levels as measured.
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PMID:Steroids and human breast cancer. 17 10

Human breast cancer can be divided into a group that contains specific receptor sites for estrogen and a group without such specific estrogen-binding sites. The presence of specific estrogen receptors in some tumors indicating hormonal dependency has been shown to be of predictive value for endocrine treatment. This would greatly improve therapeutic planning for patients with breast cancer. Tumor tissue from 52 patients was investigated for content of both cytosol estrogen and estrogen receptor. In addition, the total tumor estrogen was also determined in 14 of these tumors. The results of this investigation show two distinct groups: one group containing both estrogen receptor and estrogen and a second group with no receptor but with measurable amount of estrogen. Tumors with estrogen receptors have higher tissue levels of estrogen than tumors without specific estrogen receptor. Even in the absence of estrogen recptor, however, most tumor tissue examined contained a measurable amount of estrogen.
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PMID:Estrogen and estrogen receptors of breast cancer. 17 22

The incidence of a specific estradiol receptor among the Finnish breast cancer patients was investigated using methods involving dextran-coated charcoal or sucrose density gradient centrifugation techniques. An estradiol receptor was detected in 20 (71%) out of the 28 tumor specimens studied with the following binding site concentrations: 100-1000 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in 12 patients; 10-99 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in 6 patients and below 10 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in 2 patients the lowest detectable level being about 5 fmoles/mg cytosol protein. The apparent intrinsic association constant of the receptor for estradiol-17 beta ranged from 0.4-32 X 10(10) liters/mole in different breast cancer specimens. Estradiol receptor concentration did not seem to correlate well with the age of the patients or the microscopic structure of the tumor. The ligand-binding specificity of the receptor was studied with 25 different estrogen derivatives in 6 separate tumor specimens. The binding proteins in all these tumors showed very similar ligand specificities, despite differences in their histological types and estradiol-binding site concentrations. The phenolic hydroxyl group at C--3 was essential for an effective binding by the receptor, whereas certain modifications in the D-ring structure were well tolerated. As is the case with other steroid receptors, certain hydrophobic substituents seemed to increase the binding of the ligand by the breast cancer estradiol receptor. The in vitro binding affinity and the in vivo biological (estrogenic) potency of some of the steroids investigated did not correlate very well.
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PMID:Steroid binding properties of estradiol receptors in human breast cancer. 17 27

Bittner virus has been extensively studied by recent electron microscopy and molecular biology techniques. The structure, the biochemical, physical and antigenic properties of the RNA tumor viruses - i.e. the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) - are well known. Recent observations in human tissues of particles similar to animal viruses that are known to be oncogenic have raised the hypothesis of the role of viruses in human cancer. In mice, breast cancer can be caused by a virus - the Bittner virus or MMTV - that is usually transmitted from mother to offspring in the milk. The discovery of such virus particles in human milks and breast cancer tissues could provide data about a viral aetiology of human breast cancer.
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PMID:[Viruses and mammary carcinogenesis]. 17 51

Tissue samples from 166 primary and 136 metastatic breast cancers were analysed for the presence of estrogen receptors. It was found by measuring the affinity of the cytoplasmic fraction of these samples for 3H-estradiol-17 beta that receptors were present in 72 p. 100 and 54 p. 100 of primary and metastatic cancers respectively. Receptor concentration varied among sample in an apparently continuous distribution from zero to 2,080 femtomoles per mg tissue protein. This suggests that mammary tumors are different from one another more in a quantitative than in a qualitative way. Detectable amounts of receptors were found in samples from mammary dysplasia, fibroadenomas as well as from one papilloma; none was detected in samples from non-tumorous mammary gland, nipple areola or skin. At mastectomy, no correlation was found between presence or absence of receptors in the primary tumors, and presence or absence of metastatic axillary nodes. On the other hand both the primary and its axillary metastases almost always displayed the same characteristic as far as presence or absence of receptors was concerned. Analysis of clinical studies reported seems to indicate that women with advanced breast cancer respond in a fair proportion of cases to various endocrine treatments when tumor tissue biopsies contain estrogen receptors whereas the probability of a response is very low in their absence.
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PMID:[Hormonal receptors of malignant breast tumors]. 17 52


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