Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine whether ocular melanomas are immunophenotypically identical to cutaneous melanomas, 34 primary and metastatic choroidal melanomas representing all major histotypes defined by the Callender's classification, plus one melanoma of the iris and one conjunctival melanoma, were subjected to a panel of immunostains designed to distinguish anaplastic biopsies of cutaneous melanomas from carcinomas and lymphomas. All ocular melanomas were found to express the intermediate filament vimentin but not keratin, and all but 2 were melanotic by immunostaining. Thirty-three of 34 (97%) choroidal melanomas were strongly stained with a rabbit polyclonal antibody (P-S100) developed against the S100 protein family. In contrast, none of 14 spindle cell type primary lesions was stained with a monoclonal antibody (MAB-079) specific for both S100 alpha and S100 beta, the best-characterized S100 polypeptides. Furthermore, only 2 of 5 epithelioid and 3 of 10 mixed-cell-type melanomas were weakly reactive. Overall, 14.7% (5 of 29) were stained. In comparison, MAB079 stained 85% of all cutaneous melanomas. Five metastases of choroidal melanomas (spindle B, epithelioid, and mixed cell types) from different organ sites also were stained by P-S100 but not by MAB079. These findings were corroborated by immunostaining with another monoclonal antibody (MAB4D4) specific for S100 beta. Differential staining by the polyclonal but not the monoclonal antibodies suggests the possible presence of a variant S100 polypeptide(s) in choroidal melanomas. Since S100 alpha, S100 beta, and related proteins appear to be physiologically important, additional studies of these S100 proteins may shed light on the etiology or pathology of choroidal melanomas.
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PMID:S100 immunophenotypes of uveal melanomas. 169 42

Of 102 patients suffering from prostatic carcinoma, complete data on the serum concentration of 7 tumour markers were available from 90 patients, together with tumour grade, local stage and the presence or absence of skeletal metastases. The serum content of prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, neopterin, thymidine kinase, osteocalcin, C-reactive protein and tissue polypeptide antigen was measured. By means of Cox's regression and multivariate analysis the ability of these variables to predict prognosis, i.e. death from prostatic cancer, was studied. Neopterin appeared to be the most efficient marker, followed by tumour grade, thymidine kinase and prostate specific antigen. No other variable provided information of statistical significance. In multivariate analysis thymidine kinase performed best, followed by neopterin, tumour grade and prostate specific antigen. Several serum tumour markers reflect the biological activity of human prostate cancers and their value should be further explored. They may become useful in the management of individual patients.
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PMID:Tumour markers as prognostic aids in prostatic carcinoma. 169 4

Levels of serum tumor markers including tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), CA 15-3, CA 19-9, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and PAP were measured in 26 patients with bone metastasis and in 9 patients with primary bone tumors. More than one markers was elevated in 19 of the 26 patients with bone metastasis, although there was no elevation of the markers in 3 patients with renal cell carcinoma. TPA was the most sensitive marker in the diagnosis of metastasis. CA 15-3 was also a sensitive marker in this study, since metastasis from breast carcinoma may be the most common of all metastases in the skeleton. On the other hand, alpha-fetoprotein was uniformly unresponsive except in one case of gastric cancer. Combinations of markers are valuable for metastasis screening tests. No definite correlations were found between the markers in this study. On the other hand, there was a slight elevation of the markers observed in two of the nine patients with primary bone lesions. Serum tumor markers are useful in the diagnosis of bone metastasis to differentiate it from primary bone lesions. Especially in solitary bone lesions, serum markers may be the only way to make a differential diagnosis between the two.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of serum tumor markers in skeletal metastasis of carcinomas. 170 81

A series of 14 new mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to keratins is described and the data suggesting their potential value in the differential diagnosis of human tumours are reported. The specificities of individual MAbs of the 'C-series' presented here range from monospecificity for keratin No. 7 (MAbs C-18, C-35, C-62, and C-68), keratin No. 8 (MAbs C-15, C-43, and C-15), and keratin No. 18 (MAbs C-04 and C-08) up to the broadly reacting 'pan-keratin' MAb C-11, with the target epitopes of the remaining four MAbs being shared by different pairs of keratin polypeptides. The results of the biochemical characterization of the MAbs, together with their immunohistochemical staining patterns on frozen as well as on paraffin sections of normal human tissues, suggest that they represent a significant contribution to the growing list of anti-keratin MAbs applicable in both research and routine diagnostic pathology. The immunohistochemical examination of a wide range of human neoplasms with the new MAbs not only confirmed their value in making distinctions between carcinomas, on the one hand, and lymphomas, and gliomas, on the other, but also verified the possibility of more subtle subdivisions within the group of adenocarcinomas and their metastases. Furthermore, the identification of small subsets of breast carcinomas with decreased levels or apparent loss of the keratin No. 7 polypeptide and some cases of stomach carcinoma with apparently induced expression of this keratin suggests that such 'exceptions' must be considered when using keratin spectra as one of the criteria in differential diagnosis.
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PMID:A series of 14 new monoclonal antibodies to keratins: characterization and value in diagnostic histopathology. 171 5

The cytokeratin (CK) expression patterns of local, ie, primary or recurrent, high-grade-malignant transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the human urinary tract and autologous lymphogenic and hematogenic metastases (n = 33) were compared. Special attention was paid to CK expression in the tumor invasion front and other areas where tumor-stroma interaction occurred to visualize cell populations with a metastatic phenotype. For this purpose, polypeptide-specific monoclonal antibodies to CKs 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19 were used, employing the immunoperoxidase method. Results show that: 1) An increased expression of CK8 and CK18 is seen in the TCC tumor cells at the interface with peritumoral stroma in the tumor invasion front and with intratumoral stroma ('interface phenomenon'). Other than reflecting a quantitative change, this phenomenon might be explained by unmasking of CK8 and CK18 epitopes occurring in these regions. 2) Although in general the expression of CK13 in local TCC is decreased with increase of histopathologic parameters for progression, ie, grade and stage, an extensive proportion of CK13-positive tumor cells still can be found in some TCCs, even in metastases. 3) Morphologically recognizable types of aberrant differentiation in TCC, i.e., pseudosarcomatous or squamous differentiation and marked loss of differentiation, show altered expression of many of the CKs studied.
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PMID:Cytokeratin expression patterns in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. An immunohistochemical study comparing local tumor and autologous metastases. 172 91

Primary paraganglioma arises infrequently in the urinary bladder. We present the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric findings in three cases (one man and two women). Ages at diagnosis were 19, 35, and 45 years. One female presented with paroxysmal headaches and hypertension that followed urination; the remaining two patients presented with hematuria. Immunohistochemical studies revealed positive reactivity for chromogranin (three patients), met-enkephalin (three), leu-enkephalin (three), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (two), serotonin (one), and S-100 protein (one; sustentacular cells only). Neurosecretory granules were identified in all cases; in the patient with hypertension, the granules were small with eccentric cores similar to those of adrenal pheochromocytomas. A nondiploid DNA flow cytometric pattern was present in all three patients, an aneuploid pattern was present in two, and a tetraploid pattern was present in one. After diagnosis, one patient was alive without progression at 7 years, one died of an uncertain cause at 5 years, and one suffered multiple recurrences over a 24-year period before developing metastatic disease. While the presence of aneuploidy has been shown to be a predictor of malignant behavior in adrenal pheochromocytomas, our study illustrates that DNA ploidy cannot be used as a diagnostic criterion for malignancy in urinary bladder paraganglioma.
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PMID:Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric studies. 174 2

A relationship between blood plasma levels of polypeptide growth factors and those of peptide and sex steroid hormones, as assayed radioimmunologically, was studied in 91 patients with bone tumors of various histology and 45 healthy donors. The levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and somatotropic hormone were significantly higher in cases of chondrosarcoma and patients suffering osteogenic sarcoma in the late puberal period as compared to controls and cases of fibrous histiocytoma, giant-cell tumor, benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the bone. The peak levels of IGF-1, somatotropic hormone and insulin were registered in osteogenic sarcoma patients who developed pulmonary metastases either in the course or after the completion of combined treatment. Somatostatin level was significantly lower in patients with osteogenic sarcoma aged 11-20 years as compared to healthy adolescents, the lowest level being observed in adolescents suffering osteogenic sarcoma with metastases to the lungs. No relationship was established between total testosterone level, on the one hand, and those of IGF-1 and epidermal growth factor, on the other. A reverse correlation was established between concentrations of IGF-1 and total estradiol. The role of polypeptide growth factor antagonists in combined treatment of bone sarcomas is discussed.
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PMID:[Polypeptide growth factors and their interrelation with hormones in the blood plasma of patients with primary bone tumors]. 184 44

Human melanoma cells in culture are the source of a wide variety of polypeptide growth factors. Melanoma-derived basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and PDGF-B chains, transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and TGF-beta, interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA) have similar biochemical and functional properties when compared to their counterparts produced by untransformed cells. In contrast to melanoma cells, normal melanocytes, even under optimal growth conditions, express only TGF-beta 1 and MGSA at detectable levels suggesting that production of the other growth factors is a tumor-associated phenomenon. Recent evidence suggests that at least two of the growth factors, bFGF and MGSA, contribute to autocrine growth stimulation of melanoma cells. Whether PDGF, TGF-alpha, IL-1, and TGF-beta act in an autocrine mode is unclear at present. However, these four growth factors are among those secreted by melanoma cells and, therefore, can be expected to interact with normal cells of the tumor stroma in vivo. Such paracrine effects include not only growth modulation in the context of angiogenesis and stroma formation, but also tissue degradation by proteolytic enzymes, the modification of extracellular matrix composition, and expression of adhesion receptors.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 1991 Jun
PMID:Growth factors in melanoma. 187 58

The assessment of the risk of relapse is a critical need in the management strategy of breast cancer patients. To date, the most reliable prognostic factor is axillary nodal status. Several other pathological and biological parameters are currently under evaluation. Since 1982 we have been studying the prognostic role of several tumor markers in breast cancer cytosol. Elevated cytosol concentrations of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) have been found to have a highly significant direct correlation with both prolonged relapse-free interval (RFI) and higher survival rate. The information provided by cytosol TPA was independent of both axillary nodal status and steroid receptor content. In patients with a low risk of relapse (no axillary metastases, estrogen and progesterone receptor positive), cytosol TPA was still a significant prognostic indicator.
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PMID:Tissue polypeptide antigen in tumor cytosol: a new prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer. 196 4

Determination of plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been used for screening patients with chronic diarrhea to identify potential neuroendocrine tumors. This 6-year blinded study from 1981 to 1986 examines the causes of elevated VIP levels in patients. In healthy volunteers ( n = 144), VIP concentrations ranged from 14 to 76 pg/mL (mean +/- SE, 28 +/- 12), whereas in chronic renal failure, 4 of 34 patients or 12% [serum creatinine 4.5 - 9.0 mg/dL (397-795 mumols/L)] had an elevation to greater than 100 pg/mL. No patient with idiopathic hepatic cirrhosis (n = 12) had elevation of serum concentration of this peptide. Among 588 consecutive unselected patients undergoing evaluation for chronic diarrhea (n = 362; 62%) or possible neuroendocrine tumor (n = 214; 36%), 23 patients (3.9%) had concentrations greater than 76 pg/mL. In this group, 5 patients had functioning (VIP, 160-5975 pg/mL) and 5 had nonfunctioning (VIP, 80-120 pg/mL) pancreatic islet cell carcinomas: all 10 patients had hepatic metastases. Other known cases of elevated levels of VIP, ranging from 80 to 340 pg/mL, included other neurogenic tumors (n = 3), small- bowel resection (n = 2), inflammatory bowel disease (n = 2), chronic renal failure (n = 1), and prolonged fasting (n = 1). Patients with diarrhea in which VIP-secreting tumors were identified had plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations greater than 140 pg/mL. In patients with chronic diarrhea, determination of plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide levels did identify tumors secreting this peptide, but the results from this referral institution did not show identification of these tumors early in their clinical course.
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PMID:Plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide concentration determination in patients with diarrhea. 198 54


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