Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A primary endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor of the liver occurring in an 18-month-old boy is described. Although several examples of extragonadal endodermal sinus tumors have occurred in other sites, this is believed to be the first reported instance of origin in the liver. An additional important feature was the detection of alpha-fetoprotein in a preoperative serum sample. Although no metastases were identified at the time of celiotomy, widespread metastases developed, and he died 6 1/2 months after an extended right hepatectomy was performed. Neither triple chemotherapy nor radiation therapy appeared to deter progressive spread of the neoplasm, although the metastases exhibited some radiosensitivity.
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PMID:Primary endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor of the liver. First reported case. 4 64

Fourteen cases of yolk sac carcinoma, 10 occurring in gonadal, and four in extragonadal sites, seen at the Indiana University Hospitals from 1949 to 1974, were analyzed with respect to pathologic features, laboratory findings, and clinical course. Their histologic appearance was similar regardless of the site of origin. Two basic histologic types were observed--the more common endodermal sinus pattern and the rare polyvesicular vitelline form. The prognosis is unfavorable, but three of our cases exhibited objective responses to chemotherapy. In our small series, the better prognosis of testicular yolk sac carcinomas in children found by some authors was not evident. Four of the 6 patients with yolk sac carcinoma in which serum alpha-fetoprotein determinations were performed showed positive results. Three of these cases had residual or metastatic disease clinically. The demonstration of alpha-fetoprotein in the serum of patients with yolk sac carcinoma lends further support to the yolk sac origin of these tumors and could also prove to be of prognostic value by indicating the presence of residual or recurrent disease.
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PMID:Gonadal and extragonadal yolk sac carcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. 5 18

Regan isoenzyme, variant alkaline phosphatase, and alpha-fetoprotein were found in the serum of a patient with gastric cancer. The histology of the tumor was tubular adenocarcinoma. There were metastases in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, but not in the liver. The liver was normal microscopically, with no evidence of bile duct obstruction. alpha-Fetoprotein in the tumor tissue was detected by immunoprecipitation reaction in agar. Regan isoenzyme and variant alkaline phosphatase were also detected in the tumor tissue and total alkaline phosphatase activity of the tissue was very high. These findings suggested their tumor origin.
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PMID:Occurrence of alpha-fetoprotein, Regan isoenzyme, and variant alkaline phosphatase in the serum of a patient with gastric cancer. 5 76

The expression of an "oncodevelopmental" protein, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), has been systematically studied in rats during normal development and during regeneration of the liver by fetal rat hepatocytes in vitro, in rats bearing transplantable hepatomas, in rats fed chemical carcinogens, and in mice that spontaneously develop hematomas. AFP is a serum protein made normally during fetal and neonatal stages by liver and yolk sac cells. In newborn rats at approximately 4 weeks of age, the production of AFP is abruptly terminated, a process which is closely associated with cessation of liver cell proliferation. In adult rats, AFP production recurs following the reinitiation of hepatic DNA synthesis induced by partial hepatectomy or by the administration of heaptotoxic chemicals. Detailed metabolic and direct labeling studies of fetal rat hepatocytes in vitro also demonstrate a kinetically similar pattern of hepatocyte DNA synthesis and AFP production. In vitro studies utilizing combined autoradiography for DNA-synthesizing cells and immunofluorescence for AFP-containing cells demonstrates that replicating hepatocytes produce AFP, however, available data do not yet permit a distinction between G1 (pre- or postmitotic) and/or G2 production. During growth of an AFP- producing tumor, the serum concentration of AFP may be used as a accurate index of tumor growth, and, if a transplanted tumor is removed, as a marker for metastatic growth of the tumor. Using this model, we have shown that radiation to the lung at the time of surgical removal of a growing tumor in the leg will prevent establishment and growth of pulmonary metastases and that anti-AFP serum treatment may inhibit growth of a transplantable hepatoma that produces AFP. The exposure of rats to chemical hepatocarcinogens results in the appearance of evaluated serum AFP concentration as early as within 1 week of feeding; noncarcinogenic chemical analogs do not cause an elevation. AFP elevation also occurs with low doses of the hepatocarcinogen in the absence of detectable cell injury (by morphological examination of serum enzyme levels) or any other known morphological or biochemical change. This may represent a highly selective derepression of protein synthesis that occurs following the formation of a complex between the metabolites of the carcinogen and specific chromatin loci. Although every rat so far treated with even subcarcinogenic doses of hepatocarcinogens has elevated serum AFP concentrations, many primary carcinogen-induced hepatomas do not produce detectable AFP. Either there is a subsequent change in the preneoplastic AFP-producing cell that occurs prior to irreversible neoplastic alteration, or the hepatocytes originally influenced by the carcinogens to produce AFP are not necessarily the same cells that are the progenitors of the hepatoma produced by more prolonged exposure...
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PMID:Expression of an oncodevelopmental gene product (alpha-fetoprotein) during fetal development and adult oncogenesis. 6 4

Alpha-fetoprotein was assayed radioimmunologically in 51 samples of sera from 26 patients who had been operated for embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis. The test was found to have good prognostic value. Elevated levels were seen frequently in patients with metastase or who developed metastases. The kinetic study of alpha-fetoprotein allows us to monitor treatment efficiency, as well as to study cancer evolution.
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PMID:Prognostic value of alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay in surgically treated patients with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis. 6 7

Five tumor markers were measured simultaneously in serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC), the beta subunit of HCG, and Kappa casein. In a population of 935 normal subjects these antigens were undetectable or found within precise limits. In patients with tumors of various origins the rate of pathologically elevated levels was 72% at the beginning of the clinical course (194 cases). This high rate was primarily due to the simultaneous measurement of CEA, betaHCG, HCG, and casein. AFP was of little importance. The simultaneous measurement of these tumor markers may be one biochemical element of diagnosis of carcinoma, although this criterion is neither absolute nor specific, as 14.7% of patients with non-neoplastic disorders (234 cases) were positive for one antigen. In the presence of metastases (112 cases) the rate of pathologic levels of at least one antigen was increased: 86% due to CEA and casein assay at the same time as their absolute levels were increased. Surgical removal reduces the rate of positivity of these antigens to 37%. As was shown in patients with breast cancer, the rate was 10% when the tumor had been removed at Stage N- and 54% when it was removed at Stage N+. Thus, the persistence of pathologic levels could be correlated with the capacity for recurrence or metastases. Finally chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, do not decrease the rate of positivity of the tumor markers.
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PMID:Simultaneous assays of cancer-associated antigens in various neoplastic disorders. 6 15

The clinical features of 57 autopsied cases of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including 28 cases of the peripheral type (cholangiocarcinoma in the narrow sense) and 29 cases of the hilar type are described in comparison with those of hepatocellular carcinoma, with a review of the literature on the clinicopathological aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. As compared with hepatocellular carcinoma, the average age of the patients was older; the male predominance was not obvious, chronic parenchymal liver disease was infrequent in the past history, association of primary cirrhosis was seldom, cholestatic features were frequently the early signs and more pronounced during the course, the liver was enlarged to a lesser extent, ascites was less common, signs of portal hypertension were absent or minimal, and extrahepatic metastases were less frequent. In many respects, the hilar type resembled extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, and the peripheral type was somewhat between it and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the overall survival was not much different from that for hepatocellular carcinoma, early diagnosis is emphasized; this would make surgical management possible. Differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma may be possible in the majority with direct cholangiography, liver scan, celiac angiography, determination of alpha-fetoprotein and hepatitis B antigen, and blood chemistry such as SGOT, SLDH, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Illustrative cases are given including one patient with a hilar carcinoma who survived for more than 2 years after transhepatic biliary drainage.
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PMID:Clinical aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including hilar carcinoma: a study of 57 autopsy-proven cases. 6 93

Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured by radioimmunoassays in 260 patients with genitourinary diseases, including 93 patients with testicular tumors. Elevations of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin were associated only with non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. Our 32-month experience with serial measurements of the 2 markers in patients with these tumors shows that alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin must be determined and that together they serve as accurate and sensitive indicators of metastases and are helpful in determining the effectiveness of therapy. However, they have limited value in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses.
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PMID:Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testicular tumors. 7 63

Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ferritin and alpha 2-pregency associated glycoprotein (alpha-2-PAG) were determined in patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis and in serial determinations during and after radio- or chemotherapy. Whereas AFP levels were not elevated in patients with lung cancer, increased levels of CEA, ferritin and alpha-2-PAG were found in more than 50% of the patients. The results suggest that determination of CEA, ferritin and alpha-2-PAG in the serum of patients with lung cancer may be useful to detect metastases or recurrences and to monitor the results of treatment. Furthermore, in this study CEA and ferritin could be demonstrated in extracts of lung tumor tissues by specific antisera.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha 1-fetoprotein, ferritin, and alpha 2-pregnancy associated glycoprotein in the serum of lung cancer patients and its demonstration in lung tumor tissues. 7 56

Five tumor markers can be simultaneously determined in the serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), beta-subunit of HCG (beta-HCG) and kappa-casein. In a series of 935 healthy subjects, these antigens remain detectable or are detected within very precise limits. At the start of the clinical evolution of breast cancer, the incidence of pathological concentrations is increased as compared with the highest level observed in normal subjects. This high incidence is mainly due to a concomitant determination of CEA, kappa-casein, HCG and beta-HCG. The alpha-FP test is never positive, while the kappa-casein concentration is particularly high in the first clinical stages of breast cancer and with metastases. The concomitant determination of these tumor markers may be a biological element contributing to the diagnosis of neoplasia, although it is neither an absolute nor a specific criterium. Indeed, a pathological concentration of at least one antigen was observed in 5.5% of the subjects presenting with benign mastopathy. When metastases occur (25 patients), the incidence of pathological concentrations of at least one antigen increases: 88%, the absolute values of these levels increasing simultaneously. The determination of the antigen concentration therefore allows an evaluation of the extension of the disease. Surgical removal reduces the incidence of positivity of these antigens to 34%. Persistence of pathological levels seems to be related to a possibility of relapse or metastatic spreading. Finally, chemotherapy and radiotherapy applied on a tumor which is not excised, does not decrease the incidence of positivity of the tumoral markers, although their levels seem to fluctuate with the clinical evolution.
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PMID:Casein and other tumor markers in relation to cancer of the breast. 7 72


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