Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Linitis plastica denotes a diffuse, intramurally infiltrating, anaplastic carcinoma in a hollow structure resulting in a shrunken organ with thickened walls. Microscopically, linitis plastica is characterized by tumor cells in the presence of inflammatory changes with much fibrosis. Linitis plastica is found most frequently in the stomach where it may produce the classical "leather-bottle stomach". Metastases to the colon are frequent via contiguity along mesenteric fascial planes. Therefore, when linitis plastica carcinoma of the stomach or colon is found, the other organ must also be carefully examined. Although rare, primary linitis plastica carcinoma can occur in the colon where it is often characterized by a long stenotic lesion without irritability, sometimes appearing more like an inflammatory lesion than a carcinoma. While the radiological features are not diagnostic, they are, in many cases, suggestive of this entity. The entire spectrum of linitis plastica is reviewed in relationship to the gastrointestinal tract, synthesizing the pertinent literature, with correlation of clinical, pathophysiological, and specific radiological findings.
CRC Crit Rev Clin Radiol Nucl Med 1976
PMID:Some specific radiological findings and consideration of linitis plastica of the gastrointestinal tract. 18 7

Technetium-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals are the currently accepted agents of choice for skeletal imaging. Their introduction in 1971 literally initiated a new era in clinical bone scanning. The development of techniques for reducing Tc(VII) with Sn(II) provided the means for complexing this useful radionuclide with various phosphorus-containing compounds which were already known to be avid bone seekers. Long chain polyphosphates were widely used at first, but have been superceded by pyrophosphate and its organic analogs, the diphosphonates. Pyrophosphate is characterized chemically by P--O--P bonds, and the diphosphonates by P--C--P bonds. The chemical forms of their complexes with tin and technetium are not known, but they behave in many respects as weak chelates. Labeling efficiencies for 99mTc of 95% or better are routinely obtainable with both "in house" preparations and commercial kits. Proper molar concentrations and ratios of phosphorus-compound to tin are necessary for both for good labeling and to achieve optimum tissue distribution. Unreacted TcO4- and reduced unbound 99mTc are both potential contaminants in these preparations and must be considered in radiochemical quality control. In vivo tissue distribution and kinetics of the 99mTc-Sn-phosphorus compounds differ with details of preparation, category of agent, and clinical status of the patient. Blood clearance is multi-exponential, with skeletal uptake and urinary clearance accounting for most of the activity. Scanning may be started in 2 1/2 to 4 hr, at which time skeletal activity is on the order of 40 to 50% of the injected dose. The primary indication for bone scanning remains the detection of metastases from extraskeletal malignancies, and the 99mTc labeled agents are more sensitive than either radiographs or Fluorine-18 for demonstrating active lesions. In addition, many new applications in evaluating benign bone disease have widened the clinical scope of skeletal imaging which is rapidly becoming one of the most important studies in nuclear medicine.
CRC Crit Rev Clin Radiol Nucl Med 1976
PMID:Technetium-99m labeled agents for skeletal imaging. 78 10

Ninety-eight consecutive patients with primary operable breast cancer and an initial diagnosis of no regional lymph node metastases as assessed by conventional light microscopy were studied. Immunohistological staining of routine lymph node sections was assessed using two monoclonal antibodies: CAM 5.2 (Becton Dickinson) with specificity for low molecular weight cytokeratin, and NCRC-11 (CRC Laboratories, Nottingham) with specificity for epithelial mucin antigen. Positive staining for occult metastases was seen in nine patients with CAM 5.2 and in eight of these nine with NCRC-11. At a follow-up out to 14 years, there was no difference in overall survival, in recurrence-free survival, or in frequency of or time to presentation of local or regional recurrences between occult metastasis-positive and occult metastasis-negative patients. This study concludes that while immunohistological staining of routine lymph node sections increases the diagnostic yield of metastases, it is not to be recommended as this increase is of no useful clinical value.
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PMID:Occult regional lymph node metastases from breast carcinoma: immunohistological detection with antibodies CAM 5.2 and NCRC-11. 172 47

Viable tissue slices from rat liver and Morris hepatoma 3924A were compared as to their ability to incorporate carbons from [U-14 C]pyruvate into newly synthesized cholesterol versus CO2. By 4 h, the tumor slice incubation had incorporated over 6-fold more pyruvate carbons into the sterol than into CO2, relative to the normal liver slice incubation, per g tissue protein. However, the presence of the mitochondrial citrate exchange carrier inhibitor 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate in the incubation inhibited the formation of [14C]cholesterol, while simultaneously leading to an increase in the rate of 14CO2 production in the tumor. In the normal liver system by contrast, benzenetricarboxylate also inhibited [14C]cholesterol formation, but had hardly any effect on the already high rate of 14CO2 production. The ability of benzenetricarboxylate to inhibit the rapid carbon flux from pyruvate to cholesterol, and to steer the metabolic flow of carbons toward oxidative decarboxylation via the Krebs cycle in whole, viable tumor tissue, indirectly emphasizes the importance of the mitochondrial citrate exchange carrier in supporting the decontrol of cholesterogenesis de novo in tumors by accelerating the supply of lipogenic precursor carbons to the tumor cytosol. These studies may be therefore interpreted as extensions, to the level of whole-cell metabolism, of the concept of a persistent 'truncated' Krebs cycle in the mitochondria of metastatic cancer tissue. This concept states, in part, that a rapid efflux of mitochondrially generated citrate would operate preferentially in tumors, and thus provide carbons continuously to the cytoplasmic compartment where the well-established deregulated pathway of cholesterogenesis occurs (Parlo, R.A. and Coleman, P.S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9997-10003; Coleman, P.S. and Lavietes, B.B. (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 11, 341-393).
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PMID:Continuous pyruvate carbon flux to newly synthesized cholesterol and the suppressed evolution of pyruvate-generated CO2 in tumors: further evidence for a persistent truncated Krebs cycle in hepatomas. 308 71

GGT catalyses the transfer of gamma-glutamyl residues to amino acids or small peptides. A number of publications report the purification of GGT, the rat kidney enzyme being the best characterized. Bromelain treatment liberates an active form with a molecular weight of 68,000 separable into two nonidentical glycopeptides with molecular weights of 46,000 and 22,000; the latter contains the gamma-glutamyl binding site. GGT is intimately concerned in the synthesis and metabolism of glutathione through the gamma-glutamyl cycle. There is good evidence that this plays a role in the absorption of amino acids from the glomerular filtrate and from the intestinal lumen through a translocation mechanism. Many studies indicate that the GGT content of liver is increased by enzyme-inducing drugs and that this increase is reflected in elevated activity of the enzyme in blood serum. The serum assay has potential in monitoring drug compliance. Increased serum GGT activity encountered in chronic alcoholics seems to be partly due to microsomal enzyme induction. Utility of the assay in detecting alcoholism is controversial, but it is a useful index to compliance with therapy. Dramatic increases in activity are found in many chemically-induced animal tumors, and can be recognized in premalignant cells long before any morphological changes become evident. It has been used as a test for hepatic metastases, but its predictive value has shown a wide range in the hands of many authors. A similar controversy applies to its role in monitoring cancer therapy. Many synthetic substrates have been used to measure serum GGT activity. Currently, L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide is the most popular. Males have higher values than females; activity is very high in the neonate and rather low in pregnancy. The most universal application of serum GGT assay is in diagnosis of liver and biliary tract disease. It is widely believed that higher values occur in biliary obstruction than in parenchymal disease. However, the percentage incidence of abnormalities and the overlap of values in individual cases in different disease categories are so great that the enzyme cannot be recommended for this purpose. Isoenzyme analyses have been performed in an attempt to improve the diagnostic specificity of the serum GGT assay. Tissue-specific patterns have not been described, and disease-specific patterns cannot be reproduced with confidence. Whereas exciting advances are being made in understanding the molecular structure, mechanism, and functions of the enzyme it has yet to find a genuinely useful diagnostic role substantiated by a convincing body of scientific data.
CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1980
PMID:Structural, functional, and clinical aspects of gamma-glutamyltransferase. 610 63

This report compares the results up to 36 months of two sequences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus, of limited extent (defined below). A total of 91 patients were allocated at random to treatment with radiotherapy to the primary site followed by 10 pulses of chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and CCNU (RC), and 95 to two pulses of the same chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy, followed by 8 pulses of chemotherapy (CRC). The median survival times were 36 weeks for the RC series and 45 weeks for the CRC series but there was no statistically significant difference in survival (P = 0.9, log-rank test). At 12 months, 32 (35%) of the RC and 38 (40%) of the CRC patients were alive, at 24 months, 8 (9%) and 4 (4%), and at 36 months, 7 (8%) and 1 (1%) respectively. The patients' general condition, grade of activity and respiratory assessment correlated significantly with survival. Of 38 patients reported to be in "excellent" condition at the start of treatment, 6 (16%) were alive at 3 years. Although there was evidence that the onset of metastases was slightly delayed in the CRC series, this difference had disappeared by 12 months.
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PMID:Cytotoxic chemotherapy before and after radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy in the treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the bronchus: the results up to 36 months. 619 81

Many studies have suggested that malignant transformation is associated with fundamental changes in the cell surface; similar changes have been described for normal stem cells and cells of embryonic or fetal origin. There is now evidence that the tumor cell secretes or sheds glycoproteins and glycosyltransferases into the surrounding medium and into serum. There are claims that some of these serum glycoproteins and glycosyltransferases are associated with, or specifically related to, the extent of tumor growth and may serve as a cancer marker. A cancer-associated galactosyltransferase isoenzyme (GT-II) has been described and purified. Different isoelectric forms of fucosyltransferase have also been described as indicative of malignancy. The articles to be published in CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences will analyze the evidence for the association of these membrane factors with tumor growth. In order to better understand the possible significance of altered glycoproteins and of increased or different forms of glycosyltransferases during tumor growth, recent data on glycoprotein synthesis will be discussed including the new concepts on the control of glycoprotein synthesis through lipid intermediates. The possible mechanisms whereby malignant transformation could alter glycoprotein synthesis will be discussed with particular emphasis on the significance of these alterations to the biology of the malignant cell. Changes in surface membrane glycoproteins have long been implicated in the ability of a cell to metastasize. Secretion and/or shedding of the cell surface may also be important in the process of metastasis and in altering the host immune response. Detection and the study of these "shed" materials in patients appear to be indicating a new approach to cancer biology detection and therapy.
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PMID:Serum levels of glycosyltransferases and related glycoproteins as indicators of cancer: biological and clinical implications. 645 33

In recent years, much effort has been concentrated on the use of beta-emitting radionuclides for the treatment of various cancers. The reports suggested the application of 186Re and 153Sm as radiotherapeutic radionuclides for the treatment of palliative widespread skeletal metastases, whereas 166Ho was suggested as an agent for radiation synovectomy. Hence, a study on the production of 186Re, 153Sm, and 166Ho radionuclides was carried out by neutron activation of the appropriate target materials using a Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor (PARR-1) at a neutrons flux of 1 x 10(4) n/cm2 s. These radionuclides were then converted to appropriate radiopharmaceuticals for their use on animals and patients. The targets of natural Re (metal), natural Sm2O3, enriched Sm2O3 (99.06%), Sm(NO3)3 (solid), Sm(NO3)3 (liquid), and Ho2O3 were irradiated in the PARR-1. After irradiation, the purity of these radionuclides were checked by a multichannel analyzer, Canberra series 85 (MCA) coupled with HPGe detector and then measured in radioisotope calibrator Capintec ionization chamber model CRC-5RH. The effect of the irradiation time and amount of target material was investigated on the production yields of the radionuclides. The results showed an increase in the specific activity of Re with an increase in the irradiation time from 1 to 72 h, whereas a decrease in the specific activity was observed with increase in the amount of Re from 10 to 100 mg. Similar results were obtained for 153Sm and 166Ho radionuclides. The results further indicated that the specific activity of powder target was much less than the liquid targets for 153Sm. Their conversion to the appropriate radiotherapeutic radiopharmaceuticals were also carried out by investigating the experimental conditions and acceptable quality of 186Re-HEDP and 153Sm-EDTMP complexes were prepared. These complexes were then used on animals and patients which showed good performance.
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PMID:Experience on the neutron activation of natural/enriched Re, Sm, and Ho nuclides in a reactor for the production of radiotherapeutic radionuclides. 1067 28

We examined whether overexpression of p53 can be used as a new genetic marker to predict the presence of lymph node metastases of early invasive colorectal cancer. Forty-nine patients with primary colorectal adenocarcinomas invading to the submucosa (sm-CRC) were analyzed and 7 patients were found to have lymph node metastases. Immunostaining was used to detect the p53 overexpression; 43% of sm-CRC stained positive for p53 and all the cancer cells metastasized to lymph nodes were p53 positive. Both lymph node involvement and tumor budding were significantly more frequent in p53 positive than p53 negative tumors (p < 0.05, respectively), and multivariate analysis showed that p53 overexpression constituted a higher relative lisk for lymph node metastases of sm-CRC than either histologic type, level of sm invasion, macroscopic type, tumor budding or vascular invasion, although the difference was not significant (p = 0.086). We concluded that p53 overexpression is a useful biological marker of lymph node metastases of sm-CRC, and that p53 negative status may be an indicator for limited surgery, such as local excision of sm-CRC.
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PMID:p53 as an indicator of lymph node metastases in invasive early colorectal cancer. 1092 51

The primary treatment of resectable CRC is surgical resection. Postoperative adjuvant therapies are recommended when lymph node metastases are found (stage III). There is evidence that about 20% of node negative CRC cases (stage II) are understaged, i.e., they are actually node positive (stage III). New intraoperative procedures (lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification) that are able to detect occult macro- and micrometastases. Molecular assessment of nodal disease should improve the current staging criteria for colon cancer and could influence recommendation for adjuvant treatment.
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PMID:Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification for colorectal cancer. 1177 43


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