Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metastasizing rat mammary cell strain from the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (London Branch) which was originally developed from a benign rat mammary tumor induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (CAS: 684-93-5), yielded single-cell-cloned lines of isometric epithelial cells [rat mammary (Rama) 600-Rama 621] and one line of elongated cells (Rama 622); the former had a higher estrogen receptor content than the latter. All the representative epithelial cell lines tested (Rama 600, 603, and 617) failed to convert to elongated, myoepithelial-like cells or droplet cell/doming, alveolar-like cells in vitro. All representative cell lines tested induced tumors in syngeneic F344/N rats and CBA nu/nu mice, but only the epithelial lines metastasized to lungs and local lymph nodes in rats and to lungs in nude mice. The involved lungs and lymph nodes contained mainly intravascular thrombi and deposits in the subcapsular sinus, respectively. Tumors and metastases from the representative epithelial cell lines contained acinar and glandular structures together with an elongated cellular component. The Rama 622 tumors contained mainly spindle cells. Antisera to rat milk fat globule membranes and human keratins stained some of the epithelial and elongated cells in the Rama 600 tumors; less staining was observed in the Rama 622 tumors. None of the tumor cells stained with antiserum to myosin. Anti-laminin serum delineated a fragmented basement membrane in glandular elements and stained weakly the cytoplasm of the more elongated tumor cells. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the identity of epithelial cells in the Rama 600 tumors, but no well-differentiated myoepithelial cells were seen in either type of tumor. Since nonmetastasizing epithelial cells isolated directly from carcinogen-induced benign rat mammary tumors can differentiate to myoepithelial-like cells in vitro or when growing as tumors in animals, it is suggested that the development of the malignant phenotype is associated with a loss of this differentiating ability.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of clonal cell lines from a transplantable metastasizing rat mammary tumor, TR2CL. 257 59

We describe six cases of a distinctive spindle-cell neoplasm apparently arising from inguinal lymph nodes in adult patients. The lesions were characterized histologically by highly vascularized, interlacing fascicles of spindle cells circumscribed by an irregular band of sclerosis and hemorrhage, and surrounded by a compressed rim of lymph node remnant. A striking feature observed in all cases was the presence of stellate-shaped areas containing thick collagen fibers (so-called amianthoid fibers). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for actin, muscle myosin, and vimentin. Electron-microscopic examination demonstrated features indicative of myofibroblastic and smooth-muscle differentiation. Follow-up has shown no evidence of recurrence or metastases. The lesions appear to represent an intranodal neoplastic proliferation of mesenchymal cells exhibiting benign biologic behavior. The inguinal location, presence of amianthoid fibers, and the striking rim of hemorrhage surrounding the spindle-cell proliferation set this tumor apart from other lesions. It is important to distinguish this entity from nodal involvement by Kaposi's sarcoma, a lesion it may closely resemble.
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PMID:Intranodal hemorrhagic spindle-cell tumor with "amianthoid" fibers. Report of six cases of a distinctive mesenchymal neoplasm of the inguinal region that simulates Kaposi's sarcoma. 271 87

Myosin isoform expression was analyzed in experimental rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and immunofluorescence techniques. Tumors induced by inoculating newborn rats with Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV) were examined 30-90 days after birth. Nine tumors and two lymph node metastases were studied by direct, indirect, and double immunofluorescence assays using a panel of five anti-myosin mAbs. The mAb BF-45 was specifically reactive with embryonic myosin heavy chain (MHC), mAb BF-34 was specific for a neonatal MHC epitope, mAb BF-B6 was directed against an epitope present in both embryonic and neonatal MHC, and mAbs BF-F3 and BF-32 detected epitopes present in adult MHC isoforms. Anti-desmin antibodies were also used for comparison. The results of this study show that: (1) the majority of neoplastic cells stained for desmin while only a minority of neoplastic cells were labeled by anti-myosin antibodies; (2) myosin positive tumor cells contained predominantly embryonic and neonatal MHC types but rare RMS cells reacted exclusively with anti-adult myosin antibodies; and (3) adult and embryonic MHC phenotypes were occasionally detected within the same tumor cell especially in RMS with the longest latencies. Together these results would suggest that the mechanism(s) regulating MHC gene expression in skeletal muscle cells can be altered by the transforming activity of Mo-MSV.
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PMID:Myosin isoform expression in rat rhabdomyosarcoma induced by Moloney murine sarcoma virus. 330 17

A case of 14-year-old girl is reported in whom an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma occurred in the soft tissues of the left forearm 4 years prior to death. Despite extensive surgery as well as chemotherapy and radiotherapy the tumor recurred locally and produced extensive metastases including a metastasis to the brain. Cerebral metastases have not yet been reported in the literature despite extensive reports on the pathology of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The morphological diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma was supported by the immunohistochemical demonstration of desmin, myosin, and myoglobin in the tumor cells.
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PMID:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in a young female patient metastasizing to the brain. 405 Mar 50

The distribution of actin, myosin, fibronectin and basement membrane antigens has been studied by indirect immunofluorescence in benign and malignant human breast lesions. While benign tumors showed only minor differences from normal mammary tissue, tumors of different histological types displayed a heterogeneous distribution of the antigens studied. Heterogeneity was observed within the same tumor, among different neoplasms and between primary tumors and autologous metastases. As a common characteristic, most of the tumors did not stain for actin and myosin, the pattern being similar to that found in myoepithelial cell distribution. In transformed epithelia there was often a lack of detectable actin with a myosin-positive fluorescence. Staining for both proteins was diffused to most of the cell cytoplasm. Staining for fibronectin was seen in only a minority of the cases, with medullary tumors being the most positive. Basement membrane stain was either absent or decreased and fragmented, except in rare ductal, i.e. papillary, carcinomas. Medullary tumors displayed an almost continuous, though fragmented basement membrane in approximately 70% of cases.
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PMID:Heterogeneous distribution of actin, myosin, fibronectin and basement membrane antigens in primary and metastatic human breast cancer. 609 24

A subcutaneously transplantable tumour (SMT-Y) was established from a smooth muscle tumour arising from the uterus of a female F344 rat. SMT-Y was serially passaged by subcutaneous implantation into syngeneic female rats up to the 15th generation, but transplantation failed in males. The rat with the primary uterine tumour also had mononuclear cell leukaemia (MCL), and MCL cells grew concurrently in implanted rats. At passage five, MCL cells were eliminated from transplants by implanting the central part of an SMT-Y nodule, consisting only of neoplastic smooth muscle cells. SMT-Y at passages six to 15 was examined biologically and morphologically. The primary tumour and SMT-Y tumours consisted mainly of interlacing fascicles of elongated and fusiform neoplastic smooth muscle cells with abundant cytoplasm. Occasional cells showed nuclear atypia. Mitosis counts per 10 high-power microscopic fields in the primary tumour and SMT-Y ranged from 11 to 36. Neoplastic cells reacted positively for desmin, muscle actin and myosin, but not for myoglobin. Electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic myofilaments with oval dense bodies. These findings suggested a smooth muscle origin of SMT-Y and it was regarded as a leiomyosarcoma by the criteria for human uterine smooth muscle tumours. Despite the malignant histological features, SMT-Y grew slowly into a large nodule, with an average diameter of 5 cm and average weight of 81 g, 24 weeks after transplantation. Neither invasive tumour growth nor metastases were observed in SMT-Y-bearing rats.
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PMID:Biological behaviour and morphological characteristics of a transplantable tumour derived from a uterine smooth muscle tumour in the F344 rat. 810 68

The case records of 2 patients recently treated at our medical centers with prostatic cystic epithelial-stromal tumor (ages 22 and 62 years), as well as 14 cases previously reported in the literature were reviewed to obtain a consensus as to the therapy for this uncommon malignancy. Patients with prostatic cystic epithelial-stromal tumor often present with obstructive voiding symptoms and a palpable suprapubic mass. Computerized tomography typically reveals a huge, complex retrovesical mass with displacement of surrounding pelvic and abdominal structures, which may invade locally into the bladder, ureters or rectal wall. Our experience with immunohistochemical staining of these tumors suggests an epithelial component that is positive for prostate specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, epithelial membrane antigen, chorioembryonic antigen and cytokeratin, and a stromal component that is positive for vimentin, desmin, cytokeratin and myosin. Rapid recurrences are the rule in patients in whom the tumor is incompletely resected. Histological evidence of malignant transformation and distant metastases has been reported in these neoplasms. An aggressive surgical approach aimed at total removal of this pelvic tumor will be discussed.
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PMID:Prostatic cystic epithelial-stromal tumors: a report of 2 new cases. 838 73

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a recently described variant of embryonal RMS that carries a relatively favorable prognosis when compared with other forms of RMS. To date, spindle cell RMS has been described only in children. The authors have identified two unusual cases occurring in adults using the following criteria: tumors composed mainly of fascicular, relatively monomorphic spindle-shaped cells that show unequivocal immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evidence of myogenic differentiation. The tumors were identified in a 38-year-old woman and a 56-year-old man, arising in the cheek and left hemidiaphragm, respectively. Both were treated with surgical resection and chemotherapy. The first patient died of uncontrolled local recurrence of her tumor at 27 months after diagnosis, and the second died of metastatic disease at 13 months follow-up. The tumors were composed mainly of fascicles of spindle cells with palely eosinophilic cytoplasm admixed diffusely with sparse polygonal, rounded, or strap-shaped rhabdomyoblasts with brightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and with cross-striations in the first case only. Immunostaining for muscle-related antigens showed staining for smooth-muscle actin (focal), pan-actin HHF-35, desmin, fast myosin, myoglobin, and MyoD1. Both cases were negative for S-100 protein. On electron microscopy, both cases showed neoplastic rhabdomyoblasts with clear-cut sarcomeric differentiation in many of the tumor cells. Spindle cell RMS poses special problems in differential diagnosis when arising in adults and should be distinguished from leiomyosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with heterologous rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (malignant Triton tumor), and fibrosarcoma. In view of the good prognosis afforded children with spindle cell RMS and in light of the chemoresponsive behavior of RMS in general, we feel that it is important to identify tumors that meet the criteria for spindle cell RMS occurring in the adult population. However, based on these two cases, it is possible that spindle cell RMS occurring in adults may not be associated with such a favorable outcome.
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PMID:Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (so-called) in adults: report of two cases with emphasis on differential diagnosis. 953 74

In Drosophila, genetic loss of the tumour suppressor protein Dlg (in dlg mutants) or p127 (in lgl mutants) leads to loss of epithelial structure and excess proliferation in the imaginal discs and brain of the developing larva. These phenotypes show most of the characteristic features of human neoplasia, so study of the gene products may contribute to our understanding of cancer. Both proteins occur in high molecular-mass complexes in the membrane-associated cytoskeleton, and they both appear to play dual roles as structural proteins and active partners in signal transduction. Dlg is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) found at septate junctions between epithelial cells, as well as at neuromuscular junctions. Specific domains of the protein are required for membrane targeting and for localisation injunctions, and for epithelial cell proliferation control; all of these functions are probably mediated through binding to other proteins. Loss of Dlg results in the absence of septate junctions, delocalisation of several proteins including Fasciclin III, Coracle, actin and tubulin, and loss of cell polarity. p127, although mostly associated with the plasma membrane, is in most cell types also present in the cytoplasm. It shows a dynamic subcellular distribution, and its cytosolic and membrane-associated forms play distinctive roles by interacting with different binding partners, in particular the non-muscle myosin II heavy chain. Defects associated with the lgl temperature-sensitive allele include loss of the columnar organisation of epithelial cells, indicating that p127 contributes to cell structure, presumably by stabilising the plasma membrane. In addition to their organising functions, both Dlg and p127 appear to be involved in signal transduction pathways. Study of these genes shows that some proteins play both structural and functional roles, and that cancer can involve changes in the organisation of signalling pathways in addition to changes in individual pathway components.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999
PMID:What is Drosophila telling us about cancer? 1072 90

Rhabdomyosarcoma in adults represents a rare soft tissue neoplasm which is seen most frequently in its pleomorphic subtype in this age group. Very rarely, clear cell and spindle-cell variants have been reported. In this study we describe three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in adult patients, characterised by prominent hyaline sclerosis and a pseudovascular growth pattern. All cases were identified in the consultation files of one of the authors and routinely processed. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin sections with the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase method. The patients, two women and one man, were 40, 41, and 56 years old. One developed a deep-seated soft tissue mass in the left lower leg, and one, a tumour of the left upper jaw. In one patient a bone tumour in the proximal body of the sacrum without extension into soft tissues was seen. The patients were treated by wide excision, piecemeal excision and incomplete excision in one case each; additional radiotherapy was performed in all three cases, and chemotherapy in two patients. In one patient multiple pulmonary metastases were noted, which showed progression despite systemic chemotherapy. Histologically, the neoplasms were composed of round/polygonal and spindle-shaped tumour cells including typical rhabdomyoblasts. In all cases a pseudovascular pattern and prominent hyaline sclerosis of the intercellular matrix was seen. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells stained positively for desmin and muscle actin (HHF35) and also for markers of striated muscle differentiation (myogenin, MyoD1, fast myosin). In this paper an unusual morphological variant of rhabdomyosarcoma arising in adult patients is described, which should be added to the morphological spectrum of these neoplasms.
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PMID:Sclerosing, pseudovascular rhabdomyosarcoma in adults. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of three cases. 1083 31


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