Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroglobulin, calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen were raised in the blood of thyroid cancer patients. The occurrence of relapses of regional and distant metastases was accompanied by a sharp increase in the levels of thyrotropin, thyroglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen permitting the recommendation of these tests for the diagnosis of distant metastases in the absence of local spread of a process. Simultaneous determination of the levels of thyroglobulins and carcinoembryonic antigen was the most informative for defining metastatic involvement of the osseous system.
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PMID:[Radioimmunological methods in the diagnosis of metastases of thyroid cancer]. 360 Feb 28

Fourteen medullary carcinomas of the thyroid (MCT) immunoreactive for both thyroglobulin and calcitonin were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Thyroglobulin immunoreactivity was seen in neoplastic follicles and/or in solid foci in the lymph node metastases of two cases. Colocalization of thyroglobulin and calcitonin was found in the same neoplastic cells of eight cases using a double immunostaining method; in three of these (including one with metastases), thyroglobulin was found to be colocalized with calcitonin gene related peptide as well. Our histological and immunohistochemical results support the assumption that MCT with thyroglobulin immunoreactivity is an unusual variant of the multihormone producing MCT and strengthen the hypothesis that a common stem cell is the origin of these tumors. The available clinical data suggest that thyroglobulin-positive MCT carry a better prognosis than thyroglobulin-negative MCT.
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PMID:Medullary thyroid carcinoma with thyroglobulin immunoreactivity. A special entity? 362 17

In the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma it is discussed whether the tumor-marker thyroglobulin can replace the 131I scan, especially when the thyroglobulin serum level is normal. A positive 131I scan of metastases in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma combined with a low serum thyroglobulin level is extremely rare. The literature shows a frequency of about 4%. Recently we found 3 cases with a positive 131I scan demonstrating pulmonary and bone metastases whereas the serum thyroglobulin level was low.
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PMID:[131I-accumulating pulmonary and bone metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer with low serum thyroglobulin levels--an exception in tumor follow-up?]. 362 22

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured on repeated occasions in 416 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer for up to 7 years after initial therapy. All patients had thyroidectomy and/or ablative 131I therapy and all measurements were done while patients were receiving T4 replacement. Tg was measured using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Overall correlation between serum Tg concentration and presence or absence of cancer was 95.9%. At the time of initial measurement 295 patients had serum Tg less than 5 micrograms/l, and in latest analysis only 1.7% of these patients showed evidence of disease. Initially there were 19 patients of a total of 121 with serum Tg greater than 5 micrograms/l in whom no cancer was apparent. In eight of these 19 subjects recurrent or metastatic disease has been diagnosed up to 3.5 years after the first measurement indicating that in these cases serum Tg values were 'predictive'. Serum Tg appears to be a sensitive and specific means of detecting residual, recurrent or metastatic thyroid cancer and in most situations can replace routine, expensive and inconvenient radioactive thyroid scans; these should be performed when serum Tg values are elevated or when there is clinical evidence suggesting recurrence.
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PMID:Serial serum thyroglobulin measurements in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 365 82

During a follow-up of 11 years of thyroid carcinoma 136 patients were repeatedly examined. 43% papillary, 43% follicular, 11% anaplastic and 2% medullary carcinomas was found. The incidence of these types of carcinoma differed considerably; the frequency peak of papillary carcinomas was reached in 45-year-old humans, that of the follicular carcinomas in people aged 60, that of the anaplastic carcinomas in 70-year-old humans. 84% of the patients was female. Classification in pTNM-system: 8% in pT1, 27% in pT2, 12% in pT3 and 49% in pT4. Local and distant metastases were found at a low rate equally in pT1, pT2 and pT3; 26% of patients in pT4 had local metastases and 18% had distant ones in addition. There were 6 patients with metastases of a differentiated adenocarcinoma accumulating no 131-iodine and with no thyroglobulin in serum. 29% of patients had after thyroidectomy an unilateral paresis of the nervus recurrens and 4% a bilateral one. 26% of patients had a permanent hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy.
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PMID:Thyroid carcinoma: a follow-up study of 11 years. 368 51

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were measured in 15 normal volunteers, 69 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, 22 with adenoma, 45 with adenomatous goiter, 5 with functioning adenoma and 24 with Graves' disease, utilizing a double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. Serum Tg levels in the normal volunteers were found to be less than 30 ng/ml as determined from their mean value, i.e., 16.9 +/- 13.4 ng/ml (mean + 2SD), whereas serum Tg in the patients with various thyroid disorders showed significantly elevated (P less than 0.01). Serum Tg of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma without distant metastasis was 71 +/- 7 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), that in adenoma 124 +/- 22 ng/ml, that in adenomatous goiter 147 +/- 19 ng/ml, that in functioning adenoma 120 +/- 41 ng/ml, and that in Basedow disease 122 +/- 22 ng/ml. Furthermore, it appears that Tg concentration in serum is correlated with the size of the nodules in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (P less than 0.01) and benign nodules (P less than 0.05). Present results suggest that thyroid tumor also release Tg into serum in addition to Tg stored in the normal tissue. Furthermore, the level of circulating Tg in patient is not correlated to the level of serum TSH. In treated differentiated thyroid carcinoma, serum Tg levels were markedly reduced (21 +/- 2 ng/ml) in patients with no evidence of either recurrences or metastases, but significantly elevated in those with recurrences and/or metastases (257 +/- 109 ng/ml). Therefore, serum Tg measurements in the follow-up of patients treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma are useful in the search for recurrences or metastases.
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PMID:[Serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with thyroid tumor]. 369 97

A case of MCT with immunoreactivity for both thyroglobulin and calcitonin in the same neoplastic cells is reported. Double-stained tumor cells were present both in the primary tumor and in lymph node metastases.
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PMID:Concurrent production of calcitonin and thyroglobulin by the same neoplastic cells. 371 99

The diagnostic accuracy of serum thyroglobulin (S-TG) determination as measured under endogenous thyrotropin(TSH)stimulation (ETS) has been investigated in 372 patients with completed therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer. In 51 of these (13.7%) S-TG could be detected by means of the IRMA-technique. In 34 S-TG determination was additionally performed during suppressive thyroxine therapy (SSH): S-TG in SSH was significantly lower as compared with S-TG in ETS (p less than 0.001). In seven cases with proven metastases S-TG values were pushed below the minimal detection level by SSH. Tumor manifestations with suppressible S-TG were significantly smaller (mean = 5 ccm, range 1-25 ccm) than those with non-suppressible S-TG (mean = 90 ccm, range 11-125 ccm, p less than 0.005) and displayed a papillary histology. There was a moderate correlation between S-TG concentration and tumor volume (r = 0.71; p less than 0.001). 21% (n = 66) of patients with undetectable S-TG in ETS showed 131I-uptake in the thyroid region; 2% (n = 7) had proven metastases. Sensitivity of S-TG determination for the detection of metastases amounted to 82.5% in ETS and 53.3% in SST, specificity was 94.6% in ETS and 99.7% in SST. It is concluded that small metastases of papillary thyroid carcinomas may escape S-TG screening more readily than follicular carcinoma metastases when S-TG concentrations are measured during thyroxine treatment.
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PMID:[Serum thyroglobulin in the diagnosis of metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer. Effect of suppressive thyroid hormone substitution on the diagnostic accuracy of thyroglobulin values]. 379 59

Surgery is the most effective treatment for thyroid cancer; however, in some subsets of patients, the role of radiotherapy (RT) is important. The main indication for external-beam RT is incomplete surgery. When neoplastic tissue is left behind at operation, RT must be considered, but only if an experienced surgeon feels that everything that can be done has been done. Generally, in those patients, the neoplastic tissue involves the larynx, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels or mediastinum. Of 539 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated at Villejuif, France, until 1976, 97 were treated by external radiotherapy after an incomplete surgical excision. Fifteen years after irradiation, the survival rate is 57% and is approximately 40% at 25 years. The relapse-free survival is lower (39% at 15 years). In patients irradiated with an adequate dose (greater than or equal to 50 Gy) to residual neoplastic tissue after incomplete surgery, the incidence of local recurrence is low (actuarial probability of local recurrence 11% at 15 years versus 23% for patients treated by surgery alone, although the irradiated patients had larger and more extensive tumors). This demonstrates the efficacy of external-beam radiotherapy. The effects of radiotherapy on a residual tumor can be monitored by a serum thyroglobulin assay. With regard to local control of tumors, the effectiveness of radioiodine administration is clearly lower. However, since radioiodine facilitates early detection of distant metastases, a combination of external RT and radioiodine is indicated and is well-tolerated. For inoperable patients, the results of RT are limited: although complete remissions are sometimes obtained, the incidence of local recurrence is high. External RT is effective in medullary carcinoma despite the slow shrinkage of the tumor after irradiation. Assay of the calcitonin level helps to monitor the effects of the treatment during follow-up and has demonstrated in some patients the efficacy of cervical RT. In undifferentiated cancers, the results of RT are poor. Combination of RT and chemotherapy are being explored despite the disappointing preliminary results of this combination.
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PMID:External radiotherapy in thyroid cancers. 391 20

Thirteen primary thyroid clear-cell carcinomas and eight thyroid metastases of renal carcinomas are described. A broad variety of features is shown to be responsible for this follicle cell phenotype, some of which also occur in renal carcinomas. In biopsy specimens these two conditions can only be distinguished by immunohistochemistry. Clinical follow-up disclosed that in the papillary and follicular categories of thyroid cancer the biological behaviour of clear-cell tumours exhibits no significant difference to their non clear-cell counterparts. In the case of eight follicle cell carcinomas, various samples were available for study. These revealed some striking variations in histology at different stages, and even during the same stage, of disease. Both reversal of clear cell change and transitions towards other kinds of metaplasia occurred. Morever, maintenance of follicle cell function was documented in several of these lesions by estimations of serum thyroglobulin levels and radioiodine scans. On the basis of these findings the concept of regarding the clear-cell variant as a distinct subtype of thyroid cancer is refuted. Previous statements on the causal mechanism of clear-cell change are discussed and it is suggested that metaplastic transformation accounts for this phenomenon in at least some instances of this heterogeneous condition.
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PMID:Clear-cell carcinomas of thyroid gland: a clinicopathological study of 13 cases. 395 48


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