Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using the SCID-human model, we recently found that human circulating prostate cancer cells formed tumors in human bone but not mouse bone (Nemeth et al. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1987-93). It is possible that this tissue preference was mediated by interaction between human tumor cells and human endothelial cells within the implanted bone tissue. We sought to determine the relative amounts of human and mouse vasculature within human bone implants and resulting prostate cancer bone tumors in the SCID-human model. Paraffin sections of plain bone implants or PC3 or LNCaP human bone tumors were double stained for factor VIII (all vessels) and human CD31 (human vessels) followed by fluorescent secondary reagents. At 4 weeks post implantation (when cancer cells are typically introduced), the vasculature within human bone fragments remained primarily human (84.5%), and this pattern persisted to at least 10 weeks (91.6% human). Injection of PC3 cells into the bone resulted in an increase in mouse-derived vessels, however the majority (58%) of the vessels remained human even after the formation of large bone tumors. LNCaP bone tumors were highly angiogenic, and there was a sharp decline in the proportion of vessels which were antigenically human (36.8%), suggesting recruitment of mouse endothelial cells during the angiogenic process. Nonetheless, the persistence of human vasculature suggests the SCID-human model can be used to study the interaction between bone-seeking tumor cells, such as prostate cancer, and human bone endothelium in vivo, and to test potential therapeutic strategies which may depend on the presence of human vessels.
Clin Exp Metastasis 2000
PMID:Persistence of human vascular endothelium in experimental human prostate cancer bone tumors. 1131 96

To provide an investigative tool for the study of osteosarcoma (OSA) biology we have developed a syngeneic (balb/c) murine model of OSA, using cell lines derived from a spontaneously occurring murine OSA (Schmidt et al. Differentiation 1988; 39: 151-60). This model is characterized by orthotopic primary tumor growth, a period of minimal residual disease, spontaneous pulmonary metastasis, and clonally related variants (K7M2 and K12) that differ in pulmonary metastatic potential. Primary tumor and pulmonary metastasis histology was consistent with OSA in human patients. Expression of bone sialoprotein, biglyan, decorrin, and osteopontin was suggestive of bone lineage cells. The development and use of a more aggressive OSA cell line (K7M2) resulted in spontaneous metastasis to the lungs in over 90% of mice, whereas metastases were seen in only 33% of mice when a less aggressive OSA cell line (K12; Schmidt et al. Differentiation 1988; 39: 151-60) was used. Death from metastasis occurred at a median of 76 days using K7M2 whereas no median was achieved after 140 days using K12. Angiogenic potential, characterized by CD31 and factor VIII staining of primary tumors and pulmonary metastases, was greater in the K7M2 model compared to the K12 model. No significant differences in the in vitro or in vivo expression of angiogenesis associated genes (flt1, flt4, TIE1, TIE2, and VEGF) was found between K7M2 and K12. This well characterized and relevant model of OSA will be a valuable resource to improve our understanding of the biology and treatment of metastasis in OSA.
Clin Exp Metastasis 2000
PMID:An orthotopic model of murine osteosarcoma with clonally related variants differing in pulmonary metastatic potential. 1131

The quantitation of microvessels in breast cancer in sections immunolabeled for factor VIII, CD-34, or CD-31 currently is expressed as numbers of vessels/mm2. In an attempt to perform a more accurate method for counting microvessels, we determined the number of microvessels by 1,000 tumor cells (angiogenic index; AI). This new method minimizes the possible variations concerning the width of the microscopic fields, stroma/epithelium relations, and cellular tumor size. The present study compares the number of vessels determined by the traditional method (vessels/mm2) and AI in a series of 215 cases of ductal infiltrating carcinoma not otherwise specified. Also we studied the degree of correlation between both methods and with pathologic variables (tumor size, histologic grade, mitotic count, tumor necrosis, vascular invasion, skin infiltration, and axillary lymph node metastasis). Our results showed that the AI correlates more significantly than the classic microvessel density determination with other prognostic factors in breast cancer. In histologic grade III tumors, high AI correlates significantly with the presence of more than three axillary lymph nodes metastases. Therefore we recommend determining the degree of tumor angiogenesis by counting vessels per 1,000 tumor cells (AI) because of its reliable determination and significant correlation with other prognostic factors.
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PMID:Angiogenic Index: A New Method for Assessing Microvascularity in Breast Carcinoma with Possible Prognostic Implications. 1134 44

Human cutaneous fatty acid-binding protein (C-FABP) gene is capable of inducing the metastatic phenotype when overexpressed in nonmetastatic rat Rama 37 cells. However, the mechanism of how it induces metastasis is not clear. Northern and slot blot analyses revealed that expression of the endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene was increased by 3.8-5.2-fold in the C-FABP-transfected cells (pSV-CFABP-R37) and in their metastatic sublines (e.g., Met-1) when compared with that in the nonmetastatic control transfectant pSV-R37 cells generated by transfection of only plasmid DNA. Higher levels of VEGF immunoreactive protein were also secreted from the malignant C-FABP-expressing cells. Reverse transcription-PCR detected two VEGF transcript isoforms, VEGF(164) and VEGF(188), in both the nonmetastatic control transfectant pSV-R37 cells and the malignant metastatic Met-1 cells. Chick chorioallantoic membrane assays showed that the conditioned medium of the control pSV-R37 cells possessed only very weak angiogenic activity, whereas conditioned media from the metastatic C-FABP transfectants and their sublines were strongly angiogenic and could be inhibited by antibodies to VEGF. Transfection of VEGF(164) cDNA in an expression vector into nonmetastatic Rama 37 cells produced a cell clone (R37-VEGF-2) that expressed high levels of VEGF. Inoculation of R37-VEGF-2 cells into syngeneic Wistar Furth rats produced metastases in a significant number (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.01) of animals (18 of 31 animals), whereas the control, vector alone-transfected R37-PSV cells produced no metastases (0 of 30 animals). Immunocytochemical methods demonstrated a strong positive staining for VEGF and an increased microvessel density in the primary tumors produced from PSV-VEGF-2 cells in comparison with tumors produced from control transfectants. Immunocytochemical staining for factor VIII detected a 3.5-fold increase in microvessel density of the primary tumors produced by PSV-VEGF-2 cells when compared with that of the primary tumors developed from the control pSV-R37 cells. Therefore, we suggest that overexpression of the C-FABP gene in the original transfectants induces metastasis through up-regulation of expression of the VEGF gene in this rat Rama 37 model system, and thus VEGF may play a crucial role in this particular metastatic cascade.
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PMID:Human cutaneous fatty acid-binding protein induces metastasis by up-regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor gene in rat Rama 37 model cells. 1138 60

We report a 45-year-old man with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) and simultaneous pulmonary metastasis of thyroid cancer in his lung. Thyroid cancer, and multiple small nodules in both lungs were noted. He underwent total thyroidectomy followed by radiotherapy with 131I. However, 131I scintigraphy showed poor uptake of radionuclide in the nodules, and the size of the nodules remained unchanged. The diagnostic thoracoscopic biopsy showed two types of nodules, some were positive for thyroglobulin and cytokeratin, and others were reactive for factor VIII. The former nodules were diagnosed as pulmonary metastases of thyroid cancer, and the latter EH.
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PMID:Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma coexistent with pulmonary metastasis of thyroid cancer. 1151 22

Angiogenesis is critical to the growth and metastatic process of malignant tumors. An endogenous estrogen metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), displays anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic effects. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether exogenously administered 2-ME would enhance the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Experimental RIT with 4.63 MBq of 131I-A7, an IgG1 anti-colorectal monoclonal antibody, was conducted in mice xenografted with LS 180 human colon cancer cells. 2-ME suspended in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose was administered daily at a dose of 75 mg/kg per day. 2-ME administration suppressed tumor growth and improved the efficacy of RIT in comparison to RIT alone. Tumor volumes on day 13, expressed as a ratio relative to the initial volume, were 12.7 +/- 2.95 in the nontreated control, 4.73 +/- 0.89 with 2-ME, 3.05 +/- 0.37 with RIT and 0.97 +/- 0.20 with RIT+2-ME. Immunohistochemistry of tumor sections stained with an antibody against factor VIII demonstrated a decrease in microvessel number within tumors treated with 2-ME (7.9 +/- 0.8/200x field) as compared with that in control tumors (29.9 +/- 2.5). Cell proliferation assay at increasing concentrations of 2-ME showed direct cytotoxicity of 2-ME in vitro at 5 microM and greater. In conclusion, 2-ME enhanced the efficacy of RIT with 131I-A7 via inhibition of angiogenesis within the xenografts. The direct cytotoxicity of 2-ME appears to have contributed to this improvement. Anti-angiogenic therapy may prolong the dormancy of microscopic metastases while RIT may exterminate this population of cells. Therefore, the combined treatment may improve the therapeutic outcome of patients with disseminated cancer.
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PMID:Anti-angiogenic therapy and radioimmunotherapy in colon cancer xenografts. 1158 88

We report a case of gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation arising in the temporal lobe of a 53-year-old man. The sarcomatous component of this tumor was perivascular in its distribution and showed expression of factor VIII-related antigen, smooth muscle actin and CD34. The primitive neuroepithelial component possessed a small cell morphology and showed expression of neuronal antigens. Strong expression of p53 was demonstrated throughout the tumor with only focal weak expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. The tumor developed widespread extraneural metastases 5 months after surgical resection of the primary tumor. Histological examination of the liver metastases showed them to consist predominantly of the primitive neuroepithelial component. We believe this to be a novel pattern of differentiation in a gliosarcoma which in this case was associated with an aggressive metastatic potential.
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PMID:Gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation and extracranial metastasis. 1214 29

Primary angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland is extremely rare. Here, we report on a 70-year-old man with an angiosarcoma of the right adrenal gland who died 3 weeks after tumor resection due to intestinal infarction and acute renal failure. No metastases were found at autopsy. Histologically, the tumor showed a predominantly epithelioid differentiation. Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive reactivity for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, factor VIII-related antigen, CD31, CD34 and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I. Features of endothelial origin were also demonstrable by electron microscopy. The differential diagnosis of this uncommon neoplasm is discussed. The present case emphasizes problems in differential diagnosis that arise from its epithelioid differentiation. A review of the literature underlines the poor clinical outcome of adrenal angiosarcoma.
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PMID:Primary epithelioid angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland case report and review of the literature. 1169 5

We report the seventh case of angiosarcoma of the heart in a child. The patient was a 23-month-old female who presented for lower extremity limping and underwent open surgical biopsy of the femur. Immediately postoperatively, she developed pericardial tamponade, and a bulky intracardiac mass was discovered as the underlying cause. The mass was composed of highly pleomorphic tumor cells reactive for the endothelial markers CD31, CD34, and factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA). Staging evaluation revealed widespread metastases involving the brain, ovaries, and bone marrow. She died of complications of metastatic disease 8 months following initial presentation. Unusual features of this case include the young age of the patient, left-sided nature of the cardiac tumor, presentation secondary to metastatic disease, and the pattern of metastases. The literature on cardiac angiosarcoma, which is limited to six case reports in the pediatric population, is also reviewed.
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PMID:Pediatric angiosarcoma of the heart: a unique presentation and metastatic pattern. 1177 52

Canine haemangiopericytoma (CHP) is a vascular neoplasm thought to be derived from pericytes. The histological pattern and immunohistochemical profile were studied in 31 CHPs. Twenty-three subjects were followed for 2 years to evaluate the correlation among tumour location, histotype, immunostaining and outcome of the disease. Of the 31 CHPs examined, 20 exhibited a perivascular whorled pattern, 8 were storiform and 3 were epithelioid. All tumours were positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, factor VIII-related antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein. Seventeen CHPs were positive for actin and nine co-expressed desmin. Six CHPs were also positive for CD34 antigen. The panel of immunohistochemical markers used confirmed the vascular lineage of CHP and aided in the exclusion of other mesenchymal tumours. Of the 23 dogs submitted to follow-up, 6 had recurrence or metastases of the primary tumour. The epithelioid pattern or a noncutaneous location were associated with a poorer prognosis.
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PMID:Haemangiopericytoma: histological spectrum, immunohistochemical characterization and prognosis. 1189 66


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