Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Routinely processed biopsy material, including 56 gliomas of varying malignancy, 10 meningiomas, 10 brain metastases and 12 brain abscesses, was examined for the presence and distribution of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and albumin using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In all specimens the deposition of stained immunoglobulins (Ig) was strictly associated with that of albumin even on cell surfaces. Thus there was no evidence for specific membrane binding or cytotoxicity. The interstitial proteins demonstrated are most likely derived from the plasma by blood-brain barrier breakdown which occurs in nearly all tumors and abscesses. Obvious intracellular staining for Ig and albumin was seen in glioma cells and astrocytes only. This is suggested to be due to active protein uptake as a specific feature of astrocyte differentiation which decreases with malignancy and is lost in glioblastomas. Evidence for local Ig production was found in 8 out of 10 metastases with striking IgG- and IgA-positive plasma cells within lymphocytic infiltrations and in one meningioma showing conspicuous plasma cells components. No glioma contained Ig-bearing plasma cells, though round cell infiltrations were present in 64% of the unselected cases. The significance of these findings regarding the immunological situation in brain tumors is briefly discussed.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of immunoglobulins and albumin in human brain tumors. 254 57

The levels of several tumor associated proteases, including plasminogen activators (PA), are elevated in many malignant tumors compared to their benign tumor counterparts. Extracellular matrix degradation mediated by PA may facilitate tumor cell invasion and metastasis. To assess whether PA content correlates with the aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer, we studied these activators in the PC-3 human prostate cell line and PC-3CALN, an aggressive in vivo derived variant cell line. Enzymatic assays using H-D-val-leu-lys-pNA (S-2251) as substrate and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical techniques were used. In an in vitro chemoinvasion assay, the PC-3CALN variant cell line demonstrated significantly greater invasive behavior than the unselected, parental PC-3 line. The activity of PA secreted by PC-3CALN cells was 3.5 times greater than that of PC-3 cells (p less than 0.01). PC-3 metastases obtained following intrasplenic injection of PC-3 cells had greater PA activities than the corresponding primary tumors. Immunohistochemical studies of PC-3 tumors demonstrated preferential localization of urokinase-type PA to areas of apparent tumor cell invasion. These data suggest a correlation between PA and the aggressive phenotype in this model of human prostate cancer. PA, in particular u-PA, may play a role in the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells and provide a marker of the aggressive phenotype.
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PMID:Plasminogen activators in human prostate cancer cell lines and tumors: correlation with the aggressive phenotype. 265 23

To gain a better understanding of the biologic development of rectal adenocarcinomas, the authors evaluated the level of ras gene protein product (p21) in the available material of 74 Dukes' B adenocarcinomas, 64 Dukes' C adenocarcinomas, and 60 lymph-node metastases resected at the University of Chicago Medical Center between 1965 and 1981. Pathologic slides and archival paraffin blocks were retrieved for confirmation of the original diagnosis and measurement of p21 content. P21 titers were obtained using the RAP-5 monoclonal antibody in a semiquantitative immunohistochemical assay. Titer was expressed as the highest dilution giving definitive staining using the avidin-biotin peroxidase method. The analysis indicated that a higher percentage of Dukes' stage C rectal adenocarcinomas had high (greater than or equal to 1:40,000) p21 titers than Dukes' B adenocarcinomas (68.8 vs. 51.4 percent, respectively, P less than 0.05). In view of recent data suggesting that ras oncogene expression confers invasive and metastatic capabilities to NIH 3T3 cells, the authors believe this study offers evidence that overexpression of ras oncogene with overproduction of p21 protein product may be an important prerequisite for the acquisition of metastatic capabilities in the early stages of colon cancer.
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PMID:Ras oncogene and the acquisition of metastasizing properties by rectal adenocarcinoma. 266 52

Immunocytochemical studies of the distribution of glucagon, gastrin, insulin, and somatostatin in normal canine pancreatic islets and 20 canine islet cell tumors were done using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique. In the normal adult canine pancreas, islets typically consisted of clusters of 20-30 cells, but smaller foci and even individual cells were identified. Alpha cells (glucagon) were often peripherally located, beta cells (insulin) were centrally located and most numerous, and delta cells (somatostatin) were the least numerous and randomly located. Both juvenile and adult canine pancreases did not stain for gastrin. Of the 20 tumors examined, 18 had positive immunoreactivity for insulin, nine for glucagon, 14 for somatostatin, and one for gastrin. Two tumors were uninterpretable due to autolysis. Three tumors were pure insulinomas, but no pure somatostatinomas, glucagonomas, or gastrinomas were identified. Most tumors and metastases had mixed positive immunoreactivity; one neoplastic cell type predominated with lesser numbers of other cell types. Metastatic sites (liver and lymph node) stained for insulin and somatostatin, only. Foci of non-neoplastic islet cell tissue (nesidioblastosis), often located at the pancreatic-mesenteric junction, stained strongly positive for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin but not for gastrin. The tumor staining pattern did not consistently correlate with tumor function, as determined by blood glucose and serum insulin assays. The PAP technique works well on paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue using rabbit or guinea pig antisera as the primary antibody. Staining occurred on sections of paraffin blocks stored for up to 7 years.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of normal pancreatic islets and spontaneous islet cell tumors in dogs. 288 53

As some tumors metastasize frequently to marrow we modified the clonogenic assay for human tumor cell growth by culturing tumor cells in the presence of human bone marrow stromal cells. In a bilayer soft agar assay, human tumor cells which had been passaged in nude mice were plated in the agar overlayer on an underlayer containing a suspension of trypsinized human bone marrow stromal cells. These marrow stromal cells stimulated the growth of tumor cells in a dose-dependent fashion, with a growth peak at a stromal cell density of 5-10 x 10(5)/ml. The maximal stimulation of tumour cell growth was 13-fold. We evaluated clonal growth of six separate tumors of five different histological types (small and large cell bronchogenic carcinoma; mammary carcinoma; malignant melanoma; pleural mesothelioma) and demonstrated that in 9 of 11 experiments tumor cell colonies formed in the absence of stromal cells, but colony growth was markedly stimulated by stromal cells in every case. Stromal stimulation persisted after irradiation of the stromal cells with 10 Gy. Growth of five fresh human tumor samples was similarly stimulated by the presence of human bone marrow stromal cells. Tumor cell colonies were characterized morphologically by Pappenheim stain and immunologically for surface antigens by peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunostaining utilizing monoclonal antibodies (carcinoembryonic antigen 26/3/13 and 26/5/1, EMA, HEA125, Sam 2 and Sam 10) which detected epithelial cell antigens. Colonies consisted of cytologically malignant cells which expressed epithelial cell antigens. Thus, the tumor cell origin of colonies from mammary carcinoma and bronchogenic small cell, large cell, and adenocarcinoma was proven. This tumor stem cell assay permits further analyses of human tumor cell biology and may be useful for testing drug sensitivity.
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PMID:Effects of human bone marrow stroma on the growth of human tumor cells. 291 45

Because of its rare occurrence in the human, the endocrinologic and receptor-related aspects of an uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) are poorly understood when compared to what is known of, say, human endometrial cancer. Thus, to increase our understanding, we have succeeded, by the string method, in inducing an uterine LMS in the mouse and have studied the possibility of hormonal therapy as a method of treatment. The findings of our study are enumerated as follows: 1. The induced uterine LMS had an estrogen receptor, which was confirmed by a biochemical assay and, morphologically, by a PAP (the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique); 2. The growth of this tumor was significantly inhibited by MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate) therapy (100 mg/kg); 3. After MPA therapy, the estrogen receptor levels were increased, especially in the nucleus; and, 4. The growth of a secondary tumor, transplanted after the initial hormone therapy, was not inhibited by the readministration of MPA. Our results suggest that this experimentally-induced uterine LMS in the mouse provides a useful means to study therapeutic treatment, and may assist in furthering our understanding of human uterine LMS and lead to finding an effective therapy.
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PMID:[Experimental study of the treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma in the mouse with progestogen]. 297 92

Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical features of three human insulinomas, one with metastases and the other two with psammoma bodies and amyloid, respectively, are described. Neoplastic cells of all patients reacted with antihuman insulin antibody using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells consisted of light cells and dark cells, both of which had a large number of secretory granules, microfilaments, ceroid bodies, and phagolysosomes. Psammoma bodies seemed to originate from neoplastic cell debris in one tumor. In another case, amyloid fibrils appeared to be produced by tumor cells, and there was a close association of amyloid with secretory granules.
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PMID:Morphologic study of three cases of insulinoma. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies. 298 4

Prediction of early metastases in individual patients has been attempted by combined evaluation of a battery of recognised parameters such as blood vessel invasion (BVI) of tumor cells, Barr body frequency (BBF), plasminogen activator (PA), collagenase, estradiol receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PgR), and peroxidase activity (PRA) in 18 malignant and 3 benign (control) breast tumors. Since breast tumor cells spread through the blood vessels, the cases were divided into BVI (+) and BVI (-) groups. Results show that in the former group, all the cases had poor prognosis and two even had distant metastases within one year. In BVI (-) group, 9 out of 12 appeared to have good prognosis.
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PMID:Prediction of biological behaviour of human breast cancer using multiple parameters. A preliminary study. 299 51

We examined 2,227 lymph nodes from 100 patients with clinical Stage I cutaneous melanoma for the presence of microscopic deposits of tumor. On examination of hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections, none had melanoma. Sixteen nodes from 14 patients had melanoma detectable by an antiserum to S-100 protein in a peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) assay. The melanomatous nature of these cells was confirmed by their reaction with the melanoma-directed monoclonal antibody NKl/C3. The incidence of occult nodal metastases was highest in patients with deeply invasive and micrometrically thick primary tumors. The incidence of occult melanoma was not increased where additional serial sections were cut and semiserial sections examined. Pitfalls in the identification of occult melanoma cells (OMC) include S-100 protein-positive interdigitating dendritic cells, capsular nevus cells, a minority of sinus "macrophages," and the Schwann cells of node-associated nerves. Thus, we conclude that the incidence of early melanoma metastases in the regional lymph nodes of patients with clinical Stage I melanoma is greater than has previously been appreciated on the basis of assessment of routine hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections. Six of the 14 patients with OMC died of melanoma (41%), as compared to only 18 of 86 patients without OMC (21%; 0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05).
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PMID:Occult tumor cells in the lymph nodes of patients with pathological stage I malignant melanoma. An immunohistological study. 271 94

Expression of the ras oncogene product p21 (ras p21) in benign and malignant human colonic tissues was studied using the monoclonal antibody RAP-5 and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Histologically normal colonic mucosa and hyperplastic mucosa adjacent to carcinomas (transitional mucosa) were found, in most cases, to be negative for reactivity with the antibody or showed weak staining of a few epithelial cells. Similar findings were observed in hyperplastic and juvenile polyps. Of the 145 adenomas studied, 47 (32.4%) showed detectable levels of ras p21 expression. RAP-5 immunohistochemical staining was significantly associated with the degree of epithelial dysplasia (P less than 0.01) and the size of adenoma (P less than 0.05), but not with the histological type. Fifty-four of 70 primary adenocarcinomas (77.1%) were reactive with RAP-5 and usually demonstrated a higher percentage of stained cells and more intense cytoplasmic staining than that observed in adenomas. Although metastases often displayed a similar or even higher levels of ras p21 expression compared with the primary carcinomas, in 10 cases one or more metastatic lesions showed lower levels of ras p21. These results suggest that enhanced ras p21 expression may, at times, occur in the early stages of human colon carcinogenesis but are probably not associated with metastatic tumour progression.
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PMID:ras p21 oncoprotein expression in human colonic neoplasia--an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibody RAP-5. 304 43


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