Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A chromophobic pituitary adenoma induced on BD IX-rats has been grafted on animals of the same strain. The transplanted tumour takes in 90-100%; it grows at a slow rate (in 7 months after grafting a weight of 7-20 g is attained). Tumour-bearing animals display gigantism and hypertrophy of adrenals; moreover, in 33% of cases, diabetes is observed. With non-diabetic animals, splenomegaly and marked leukocytosis are observed; immature white and red cells are present in the peripheral blood. Spontaneous regression of the tumour never occurs. After surgical removal, tumour regrowth and the formation of metastases are observed. Diabetes is characterised by pronounced hyperglycaemia, glucosuria, polyphagia and polydipsia. Histochemically, insulin cannot be detected in pancreas. Splenomegaly is never observed in diabetic animals. Transplanted adenoma frequently tends to stop growing. No recurrence is observable after extirpation. Spontaneous regression of the tumour sometimes occurs. Gigantism, hypertrophy of adrenals and diabetes are considered as consequences of growth hormone- and ACTH-secretion of the transplanted adenoma. At present the tumour is running in the 8th passage. It did not change its characteristics over a period of 5 years.
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PMID:Transplantable, STH-producing and diabetogenic pituitary adenoma of the BD IX-strain of rats. 17 13

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed in 212 consecutive patients with metastatic breast cancer: 11 died within 30 days, two of surgical complications and nine of advanced metastatic disease. Two patients were unevaluable because of inadequate follow-up in one and simultaneous radiation treatment in the other. Of 199 evaluable patients 42% had an objective remission. Duration of remission averaged 18+ months with 10 out of 84 patients still in remission. Presence of estrogen receptors in the tumor significantly predicted response to hypophysectomy. Of 156 patients in whom completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed, 128 were thought to have a complete removal as shown by the fact that their growth hormone and prolactin were undetectable after stimulation with arginine or chlorpromazine, respectively. Of 26 patients in whom TRH test was performed, TSH and prolactin were undetectable in 20. Of 23 patients where autopsy was performed only six had microscopic pituitary tissue remaining. Hypophysectomy induced remission in eight of 15 patients who had previously responded and then relapsed to the antiestrogen Tamoxifen and in four of 17 who had failed. Conversely, antiestrogen therapy induced remission in six of 26 patients who had previously responded to hypophysectomy and in whom serum estrogens were present in small amount. These data indicate that both gonadal and pituitary hormones play a role in the growth of some human breast cancers.
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PMID:Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in breast cancer: evidence for an individual role of pituitary and gonadal hormones in supporting tumor growth. 50 1

Plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone (GH) were measured in patients with histologically proven prostatic cancer, before any form of therapy was given for this disease. Patients were categorised according to UICC classification. No systemic change in the group means of any of these hormones was associated with the progression of the disease from the T0 to the T4 stage. When multivariate analysis was applied to the combined intraprostatic (T0 + T1 + T2) and extraprostatic (T3 + T4) tumour category in patients without clinically evident metastases (M0) a discrimination was observed, GH substantially contributing to the separation of the 2 groups. When plasma hormone data from patients classified as M0 (without metastases) were compared with M1 patients (with metastases), mean GH values were significantly larger (P less than 0.02) in patients with metastases. GH was also a major contributory factor to the discrimination between the M0 and M1 groups, using multivariate analysis. Testosterone group means for M0 versus M1 were also significantly different (P less than 0.02).
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PMID:Evaluation of plasma hormone concentrations in relation to clinical staging in patients with prostatic cancer. British Prostate Study Group. 53 96

The indications for and the results of hypophysectomy for advanced cancer of the breast or prostate gland are reviewed. The technic of open microsurgical transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is described. Since the metabolism of some breast cancers is influenced by estrogenic hormones, the major effect of hypophysectomy seems to be the complete suppression of estrogen production by the gonads and adrenal glands by removal of gonadotropin and ACTH, respectively. Other specific substances, such as growth hormone or prolactin, may also be factors. In cases of prostate cancer which relapse after castration, the adrenals seem to elaborate a significant amount of extradgonadal androgen. Hypophysectomy removes the source of ATCH and thus stops androgen production by the adrenal glands. Other hormones may also be important. In premenopausal patients with advancing cancer of the breast, oophorectomy should be the initial procedure. Most patients after a previous favorable response to oophorectomy get a subsequent objective improvement from hypophysectomy. In postmenopausal patients the effects of hormone therapy should 1st be tried. Many patients responding favorably to hormone therapy will also be benefited later by hypophysectomy. Remission rates are higher in older women. However, hypophysectomy should be carried out relatively early to obtain a useful remission. About 25% of those not responding to other methods will obtain a remission following hypophysectomy. Along interval after the mastectomy before metastases occurs is a favorable prognostic sign. While bony metastases respond best, other sites of metastases do not contraindicate the operation. Most patients with prostatic metastases obtain relief after hypophysectomy, even some of those who have not been benefited by other methods. Advanced age alone is not a contraindication. A preoperative evaluation should be done including a series of endocrine studies. Open microsurgical transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is considered the operation of choice. Complete removal of the gland is accomplished with less disturbance to the patient than an intracranial operation. General anesthesia is used. After the operation tests for pituitary reserve are repeated and a maintenance regimen of hydrocortisone prescribed. Thyroid replacement therapy is often needed. Subjective remissions are more common than objective ones, particularly relief of pain. This operation was done on 20 men with metastatic cancer of the prostate and 23 women and 1 man with metastatic cancer of the breast. Of the prostate cases, 3 patients died during the early postoperative period. Of the other 17, there have been 7 deaths from the cancers after 1-7 months. Of the 23 breast cases, severe body pain was the indication for the operation. Relief occurred in 19 (83%). There have been 7 deaths from the cancers. Hypophysectomy does not predispose to or lead to alterations in emotional state or mental function. Others with larger series of cases have reported that those responding favorably have lived an average of 25.8 months while average survival of those not so responding has been only 5.6 months.
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PMID:Hypophysectomy in the treatment of disseminated carcinoma of the breast and prostate gland. 127 14

Ectopic acromegaly is a rare syndrome (less than 1% of acromegalic patients) caused by ectopic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone (GH)-producing tumors. Its recognition is clinically important because acromegaly may be a symptom of an aggressive tumor, and different therapeutic approaches are required. Most cases are caused by either extra- or intracranial GHRH-producing tumors, whereas in rare instances the underlying disease is an ectopic GH-secreting tumor. The routine evaluation of circulating GHRH in all acromegalic patients may allow its early recognition, because plasma levels greater than 0.3 ng/mL are virtually diagnostic of a GHRH-producing tumor (frequently a bronchial or pancreatic carcinoid), whereas suppressed levels may suggest an ectopic GH-producing tumor. In addition to classic imaging techniques, whole body scintiscan with labeled octreotide may help in the localization of ectopic tumors. Surgical removal of the ectopic tumor is the therapy of choice, but it is not always feasible because patients often present with widespread metastases. Patients with GHRH-induced acromegaly benefit from the administration of the long-acting somatostatin analog, octreotide, which reduces GH, IGF-I, and GHRH, and may shrink the ectopic tumor, its metastases, and the secondary pituitary enlargement.
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PMID:Ectopic acromegaly. 152 13

Fasting venous blood collected from 83 patients with breast cancer was analyzed for triglycerides; total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha); glucose; creatinine; insulin; glucagon; growth hormone; cortisol; and thyrotropin. Patients with stage IV disease had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) triglyceride concentrations and significantly lower (P less than 0.05) concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol than did patients with less advanced disease or age-matched controls. Furthermore, LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with boney metastases were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than concentrations in patients with liver or liver plus boney metastases or in controls. These results could not be attributed to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, or treatment. We observed no correlations between serum concentrations of lipid and concentrations of TNF alpha, insulin, glucose, creatinine, cortisol, growth hormone, or thyrotropin. However, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) negative correlation between total cholesterol and glucagon and between LDL cholesterol and glucagon for patients with stage II, III, and IV disease, suggesting that glucagon may reduce LDL cholesterol concentrations by an as-yet-unidentified mechanism.
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PMID:Alterations of serum lipids in breast cancer: effects of disease activity, treatment, and hormonal factors. 176 85

In 16 patients with metastatic testicular cancer and 10 age matched male control subjects growth hormone (GH) responses to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH; 1 microgram/kg body weight iv.) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH; 200 micrograms iv.) were measured. Basal GH levels and GH levels following stimulation with GHRH or TRH were significantly increased in cancer patients compared to control subjects. 9 patients with testicular cancer were studied both in the stage of metastatic disease and after they had reached a complete remission. In complete remission GH responses to GHRH tended to decrease but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Our data suggest an alteration of hypothalamic and/or pituitary regulation of GH secretion in patients with metastatic testicular cancer.
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PMID:Increased growth hormone responses to growth hormone releasing hormone and thyrotropin releasing hormone in patients with metastatic testicular cancer. 210 20

Because of its widespread distribution within the nervous system and gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system, and its diverse physiological inhibitory actions on various gastrointestinal functions, including endocrine and exocrine secretion, motility, liver and splanchnic blood flow and absorption, native somatostatin has been viewed as a possible therapy for many diseases. However, its short duration of action and consequent limited clinical usefulness have been overcome with the availability of Sandostatin (octreotide, Sandoz Ltd), a long-acting, synthetic octapeptide analog of the naturally occurring hormone. Sandostatin represents a significant advance in the treatment of growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary tumors and GEP endocrine tumors (carcinoid tumor, VIPoma, glucagonoma, insulinoma, and gastrinoma). Preclinical in vitro and animal studies have shown the antineoplastic activity of the compound. Moreover, because of a possible direct effect on somatostatin receptor-positive endocrine tumor cells and an indirect effect whereby Sandostatin lowers GH, insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), and numerous gastrointestinal peptides, Sandostatin may prove useful as an adjunctive therapy in cancer patients. In vivo labeling of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs now allows localization of such tumors and their metastases. In addition, targeted irradiation of these tumors by beta particle-emitting isotopes attached to such somatostatin analogs may become possible. The use of Sandostatin in acute esophageal variceal bleeding, pancreatic pseudocysts, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic external fistulae, short bowel syndrome, dumping syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related refractory hypersecretory diarrhea has provided encouraging results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Future medical prospects for Sandostatin. 220 87

Based on observations of five of own patients the author analyzes the causes of spontaneous hypoglycaemia in malignant tumours and assumes three mechanisms of development: 1. Metastatic affection of the liver reduces the reserves of homeostatically usable glycogen and can reduce also the amount of utilized insulin and glucagon, and this weakens the effectivity of contraregulating hormones. 2. In case of large mesenchymal tumours it is assumed that the cause of hypoglycaemia is the neoplastic formation of IGF II. For these hypoglycaemic states a low concentration of C-peptide, IRI (immunoreactive insulin), absence of response of growth hormone to hypoglycaemia, high IGF II in the tumour and plasma and high mRNA for IGF II in the tumour is typical. 3. In hypoglycaemic states with massive metastases in the liver, high IRI and C-peptide it is assumed the cause of hypoglycaemia is a metastatizing insular tumour or a nes.dioblastoma. In those instances concurrent peptic ulcers (gastrin production) are frequent.
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PMID:[Neuroglycopenic syndromes in malignant tumors]. 225 61

Twenty-nine untreated children diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were consecutively admitted to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1962 to 1986. The age of the patients ranged from 6 to 19 years (median of 13) at diagnosis. Histologically, all had lymphoepithelioma. Patients were retrospectively staged in the American Joint Committee System. Disease extent was T1 (n = 5), T2 (n = 7), T3 (n = 9), T4 (n = 8); N0 (n = 1), N2 (n = 7), N3 (n = 21). Two patients had distant metastasis (M1) on admission, both ultimately succumbed to their disease. Twenty-seven patients were seen initially without metastatic disease: one received pre-irradiation vincristine, 17 were treated with concomitant radiotherapy and cyclophosphamide. From 1981 to the present, four patients received pre-irradiation and one received post-irradiation cisplatin-bleomycin, vinblastine (CDDP-BLEO-VLB) regimens. Four patients received radiotherapy alone. All patients completed chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Twenty-five patients had complete tumor clearance and four had a partial response. Overall, 14 patients are alive continuously without relapse with a median follow-up of 11 years (range 4 to 20). All patients who relapsed did so within 2 years postirradiation. Four patients failed locally--all had advanced (T3-T4) local disease at presentation and three of the failures were at the margin of treatment portals. Thirteen patients failed with distant metastasis. The major prognostic factor in these patients was the local extent of disease. Among the 27 M0 patients, all ten patients with T1-2 tumors are disease-free, whereas four of nine patients with T3 and two of eight patients with T4 tumors are alive and well. In the 16 patients who are long term survivors, eight have mild neck atrophy, two have shortening of the clavicles; except for one patient who required a neck brace for shoulder drop, all had normal function. Among the seven pre-pubertal patients who are long term survivors, three have decreased growth, including one with documented decreased growth hormone. Two patients developed irregular menstrual periods. One patient developed hypothyroidism, and another had a thyroid adenoma. One patient developed bleomycin pneumonitis and one patient who received pre- and post-irradiation chemotherapy died of laryngeal edema and fibrosis, in remission. Radiotherapy is the major modality in the therapy of childhood nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The long term toxicity of radiotherapy plus or minus chemotherapy is acceptable. In early stage tumors (T1-2, N1-2), radiotherapy alone (55-60 Gy) appears to be sufficient for disease control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long term follow-up of 29 patients. 247 70


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