Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The functional differentiations of stomach cancer specimens from 121 patients were investigated by enzyme-, mucin-, affinity- and immunohistochemical methods, and the stomach cancers were divided into five functionally differentiated types: 1) Absorptive Function Differentiation Type (AFDT), 19.8%; 2) Mucin Secreting Function Differentiation Type (MSFDT), 24.0%; 3) Absorptive and Mucin-Producing Function Differentiation Type (AMPFDT), 47.1%; 4) Special Function Differentiation Type (SFDT), 0.8%; and 5) Non-Function Differentiation Type (NFDT), 8.3%. The results indicate that stomach cancer tissues of the same histological type often display differing functional differentiation, and these functionally differentiated types have different invasive and metastatic characteristics. In addition, the functionally differentiated types have particular organic affinities of metastasis and different clinical prognoses. This study suggests that this new functional classification may supplement histological classification. The mechanisms of liver and ovary metastases of stomach cancer are also discussed.
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PMID:A new functional classification of stomach cancer and its pathobiological and clinical significance. 800 59

Mucin-like Carcinoma-associated Antigen (MCA) has been associated with many breast cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate MCA in tumor tissue and serum as a potential tumor marker for prognosis and disease monitoring. MCA levels were determined in the tissue of 196 patients with primary breast cancer, 25 with metastatic disease and 25 patients with benign diseases, in pellet and/or cytosol. MCA levels were also determined in the serum of 50 patients with benign diseases, 148 with primary breast cancer (Mo), 150 with metastatic breast cancer (MT), and 200 with no clinical evidence of disease (NED). MCA tissue concentrations in pellet and cytosol were similar: 66.7 + 251 U/mg and 41.1 + 53 U/mg, respectively. No relationship between MCA levels and tumor size or nodal involvement was found. Higher MCA levels were observed in patients with ER+ or PgR+ tumors than in those with ER- or PgR- tumors (p < 0.01). Patients with MCA pellet concentrations lower than 10 U/mg of protein had shorter disease-free intervals (DFI) than those with higher values (p < 0.05). Abnormally high serum levels of MCA were found in 8% of patients with benign diseases, 4% of NED patients, 22% of Mo patients, and in 76% of MT cases. In primary breast cancer MCA values were related to tumor size and nodal involvement. A trend toward a lower DFI in patients with elevated presurgical MCA levels was observed but was of no statistical significance. These differences became statistically significant when patients were subdivided according to nodal status, with shorter DFI in those without nodal invasion (p < 0.05). In metastatic patients, changes in serum MCA were related to the tumor's response to treatment in 82% of cases. The highest MCA values were found in patients with liver or bone metastasis and the lowest values were found in those with locoregional recurrence. In conclusion, although MCA is not a specific tumor marker, it can be useful as a prognostic factor (tissue and serum) and in monitoring metastatic patients.
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PMID:Mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA) in tissue and serum of patients with breast cancer: clinical applications in prognosis and disease monitoring. 836 94

Mucin-like Carcinoma-associated Antigen (MCA) is a glycoprotein belonging to the mucin family; it is defined by the monoclonal antibody b-12. Mucins represent an interesting group of tumor markers and are widely utilized in the clinical monitoring of neoplastic patients. These molecules show a certain degree of tissue specificity and MCA is preferentially associated with breast tissue. Several studies have demonstrated that patients with breast cancer usually have high MCA serum levels. In this paper the experience of the National Cancer Institute of Milan with the clinical use of MCA in breast cancer patients is reported. The observed sensitivity of the MCA test was poor in patients with early-stage disease, while it was acceptable in patients with advanced breast cancer. MCA concentrations appeared to be directly related to disease spread. A clear relationship was seen between MCA levels and lymph-nodal status. The highest MCA plasma levels were observed in patients with metastatic disease. In this group of patients the sensitivity of the test on the basis of a cut-off of 11 U/mL was 52%.
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PMID:Mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA) in breast cancer: clinical experience at the National Cancer Institute of Milan. 836 95

Mucin glycoprotein can promote tumor-cell invasion metastasis and modulate the immune recognition of cancer. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical significance of mucin gene overexpression in lung cancer. We collected 60 lung cancer samples and paired non-tumorous lung portions of varying types and stages. Slot-blot analysis with specific anti-sense oligonucleotide probes derived from tandem repeat sequence of MUC1, -2, -3, -4, 5B and 5AC were utilized to compare the amount of mucin gene mRNA in tumor samples with that of the non-tumorous counterparts. A ratio higher than 1.5 for each specific mucin mRNA amount was considered to indicate mucin gene overexpression in tumors. Immunohistochemical staining of monoclonal antibodies against mature airway mucin (17Q2) and MUC1 mucin protein (HMFG2) were also used to analyze mucin protein. The study showed that overexpression of mucin genes frequently occurred in lung cancer (25 out of 60, 41.7%), but that there was no preferential expression of a particular mucin gene or a combination of mucin genes in these tumors. The overexpression of mucin genes and mucin protein had no correlation with tumor stage, nodal stage, histology or pathological differentiation grade. Tumors of smokers had higher MUC5B and MUC5AC mRNA expression ratios than those of non-smokers. Tumors with increased expression of mucin genes tended to be associated with post-operative relapse, especially when MUC5B and MUC5AC genes were overexpressed (p = 0.015 and 0.025, respectively). The study suggests that overexpression of novel tracheobronchial mucin genes may result in an increased likelihood of post-operative lung-cancer recurrence or metastases.
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PMID:Overexpression of MUC5 genes is associated with early post-operative metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer. 898 Feb 47

Primary ovarian carcinomas with unusual histologic patterns can be difficult to differentiate from metastases. In this study, we reviewed 15 cases of mixed-epithelial carcinoma (12 serous, 1 serous and endometrioid, 1 endometrioid, 1 undifferentiated) with a predominant microcystic pattern and signet-ring cells. The patients' ages ranged from 31 to 78 (mean 58) years. The microcystic component in 11 patients had features of high-grade carcinoma and in 4 patients had features of low-grade carcinoma associated with areas of borderline tumor. The tumors in all 15 patients showed a predominant microcystic growth pattern composed of small cysts that were variable in size and shape. Signet-ring cells were also present in all cases (diffusely in nine cases, focally in six cases) within the neoplastic epithelial proliferation. Mucin was present in the lumina of some of the microcysts and in the cytoplasm of most of the signet-ring cells. A microcystic pattern and mucin-containing signet-ring cells can be seen as small foci or as a predominant component in primary epithelial nonmucinous ovarian carcinomas. It is important for pathologists to recognize these unusual findings in ovarian neoplasms, because they may produce a confusing apperance, even potentially suggesting a metastasis.
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PMID:Ovarian mixed-epithelial carcinomas with a microcystic pattern and signet-ring cells. 1160 14

Urothelial carcinoma is morphologically heterogeneous and many variant forms have been described. We have encountered several invasive urothelial carcinomas with a unique chordoid morphology characterized by prominent cellular cording and associated myxoid stromal matrix, a pattern closely resembling extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. This morphologic appearance, to our knowledge, has not been formally described in urothelial carcinoma. A series of 166 consecutive invasive urothelial carcinomas were reviewed to identify cases with cellular cording and myxoid stroma. The patient age, sex, tumor stage, morphologic features, association with typical urothelial carcinoma, and clinical outcome were recorded. Immunostains for p63, cytokeratin (CK) 34BE12, CK20, calponin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, oncofetal protein glypican-3, and brachyury were performed on 7 cases. Mucin histochemistry was performed on 8 cases to evaluate the extracellular myxoid material. Eleven of the 166 (7%) consecutive invasive urothelial carcinomas had areas with a chordoid appearance. A total of 12 cases were analyzed including the addition of a consult case. The patients' ages ranged from 50 to 85 years (mean: 68 y); there were 8 males and 4 females. The specimens consisted of 5 cystectomies, 6 transurethral resections, and 1 anterior exenteration with right nephroureterectomy. Morphologically, each case had at least focal areas in which acellular myxoid stroma was associated with the carcinoma cells. When well developed, the neoplastic cells had scant eosinophilic cytoplasm and were arranged into cords closely mimicking extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, chordoma, mixed tumor/myoepithelioma of soft tissue, and yolk sac tumor. The percentage of tumor with a chordoid appearance ranged from 5% to 95% (mean: 39%; median: 25%). No conventional sarcomatous differentiation, no intracytoplasmic mucin, and no glandular formation were present in any case. All 12 cases had foci of typical urothelial carcinoma present at least focally and a gradual transition to the chordoid pattern was commonly seen. Immunophenotypically, all 7 cases evaluated showed strong immunoreactivity for p63 (nuclear) and CK34BE12 (cytoplasmic). Immunostains for CK20, calponin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, oncofetal protein glypican-3, and brachyury and were negative in the 7 cases studied (0 out of 7), whereas S-100 protein had focal staining (<5%) in 1 case. The myxoid stromal component was diffusely colloidal iron and Alcian blue positive in all 8 cases examined; periodic acid Schiff was negative in all 8 cases, whereas mucicarmine was only focally positive in 2 of 8 cases. Most cases were high stage (pT4: 5, pT3: 4, pT2: 2, and pT1: 1), and 6 of 8 cases (75%) with nodal sampling had metastatic disease. In 1 case, the lymph node metastasis had areas with chordoid morphology. Nine of 12 patients had available follow-up: 2 were dead of disease (1 and 10 mo), 4 were alive with disease (5 to 8 mo) with distant metastasis in 3, and 3 had no evidence of disease at last follow-up (2 to 120 mo). In summary, we describe a morphologic pattern of urothelial carcinoma with a distinct chordoid appearance that may potentially mimic a spectrum of primary vesical and nonvesical neoplasms with myxoid or mucinous components. These carcinomas maintain an immunophenotype characteristic of urothelial carcinoma and usually present with high stage disease.
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PMID:Invasive urothelial carcinoma with chordoid features: a report of 12 distinct cases characterized by prominent myxoid stroma and cordlike epithelial architecture. 1954 71

This study aimed to evaluate outcome after liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). In a 72-month period a total of 25 patients operated on for ICC were followed-up with postoperatively. Eleven right hemihepatectomies (8 extended), seven left hemihepatectomies (3 extended), one segmental resection, two bisegmentectomies (II + III), and four nonanatomical resections were performed. Median observation period was 2.7 (range: 0.2-6.9) years. Analysis focused on age, gender, tumor-size, operating time, histologic resection margin, Tumor-Node-Metastasis-stage, reoperations, postoperative complications, tumor recurrence, survival rate and a putative relation between p53 accumulation, ki67 index, MUC1 positivity, and prognosis. Mean tumor size was 6.49 +/- 3.93 cm. Eighteen patients (72%) underwent lymph node dissection. Major postoperative complications occurred in 10 patients. Seventeen patients (68%) showed tumor recurrence. Mean time to tumor recurrence was 6.7 (5.7-15.4) months. We found no correlation between p53 accumulation/ki67 index counts/Mucin 1 cell surface associated antibody (MUC1) positivity and ICC prognosis. A total of 13 patients died (52%) including one early and 12 late deaths. Mean time from surgery to death was 14.6 (7.4-30.9) months. Survival rate at 1 year was 84 per cent, at 3 years 57 per cent, and at 5 years 45 per cent. In our review only a small number of these 25 patients are indeed cured.
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PMID:Surgical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma--a single center experience. 2042 Feb 53

Mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA) and CA 15-3 tumor markers were randomly assayed in 234 consecutive breast cancer patients. It was found that 45 patients (19.2%) had elevated MCA levels (cut-off level >14 U/ml) and normal CA 15-3 levels (cut off level >30 U/ml). In 14 of these 45 patients (31.1%), overt metastases were detected, although five had started their follow-up with no evidence of disease. In these five patients, the median lead time was nine months. In our limited experience, it was found that measuring MCA levels in the serum in the presence of normal CA15-3 levels contributes to early detection and monitoring of recurrences in follow-up of breast cancer patients.
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PMID:Does mca contribute to the follow-up of breast-cancer patients by ca-15-3. 2158 78

Metastasis is the most devastating aspect of cancer and it is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Tumor cell adhesion to the vascular endothelial cell lining is an important step in metastatic progression and is prompted by platelets. Mucin 1 is over-expressed and aberrantly glycosylated in more than 60% of pancreatic ductal adeno-carcinomas, which mediate adhesion of pancreatic cancer cells to platelets via P-selectin. The anticoagulant low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), which are commonly used in venous Thromboprophylaxis and treatment, appear to have an effect on cancer survival. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of platelets on human pancreatic cancer MPanc96 cell adhesion to the endothelial cell vessel wall, and to examine the effect of heparin derivatives on MPanc96 adhesion using a novel, in vitro model of human umbilical cord vein. The modified heparin S-NACH (sulfated non-anticoagulant heparin), which is devoid of antithrombin (AT) binding and devoid of inhibition of systemic AT-dependent coagulation factors such as factor Xa and IIa, and the LMWH tinzaparin both potently reduced adhesion and invasion of fluorescence-labeled MPanc96 cancer cells to the endothelial layer of umbilical cord vein in a dose-dependent manner. S-NACH effectively inhibited P-selectin mediated MPanc96 cell adhesion, and inhibited cell adhesion and invasion similar to tinzaparin, indicating that systemic anticoagulation is not a necessary component for heparin attenuation of cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis. Also, S-NACH and tinzaparin versus unfractionated heparin, heparin derivatives enoxaparin, deltaparin, fraxiparin, and fondaparinux were evaluated for their effect on platelet-cancer cell adhesion. An in vivo anti-metastatic S-NACH-treated nude mouse model of MPanc96 pancreatic cancer cell metastasis demonstrated potent anti-metastasis efficacy as evidenced by IVIS imaging and histological staining.
Clin Exp Metastasis 2012 Jun
PMID:Inhibitory effect of non-anticoagulant heparin (S-NACH) on pancreatic cancer cell adhesion and metastasis in human umbilical cord vessel segment and in mouse model. 2241 10

Mucin 16 (cancer antigen 125) is a cell surface glycoprotein that plays a role in promoting cancer cell growth in ovarian cancer. The aims of this study were to examine mucin 16 expression in a large number of digestive tract adenocarcinomas and precursors and to determine whether mucin 16 up-regulation is correlated with patient outcome. Tissue microarrays were constructed using surgical resection tissues and included pancreatic (115 normal, 29 precursors, 200 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas), esophageal (86 normal, 104 precursors, 95 esophageal adenocarcinomas, 35 lymph node metastases), gastric (211 normal, 8 precursors, 119 gastric adenocarcinomas, 62 lymph node metastases), and colorectal (34 normal, 17 precursors, 39 colorectal adenocarcinomas) tissues. Mucin 16 was detected in 81.5%, 69.9%, 41.2%, and 64.1% of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, esophageal adenocarcinomas, gastric adenocarcinomas, and colorectal adenocarcinomas, respectively. Mucin 16 was seen in a subset of the precursors. On multivariate analysis, moderate/diffuse mucin 16 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas was strongly associated with poor survival (P < .001), independent of other prognosis predictors. A similar trend was observed for esophageal adenocarcinomas (P = .160) and gastric adenocarcinomas (P = .080). Focal mucin 16 in colorectal adenocarcinomas was significantly correlated (P = .044) with a better patient outcome, when compared with mucin 16-negative cases. Using Western blot analysis, we found mucin 16 expression in 3 of 6 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 1 of 2 esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. We conclude that most of the digestive tract adenocarcinomas and a subset of their precursors express mucin 16. Mucin 16 expression is an independent predictor of poor outcome in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and potentially in esophageal adenocarcinomas and gastric adenocarcinomas. We propose that mucin 16 may function as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in the future.
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PMID:Mucin 16 (cancer antigen 125) expression in human tissues and cell lines and correlation with clinical outcome in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, esophagus, stomach, and colon. 2254 27


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