Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four mucinous sweat gland carcinomas were examined for the distribution of cytokeratin (CK) polypeptides using immunohistochemical techniques on paraffin-embedded sections. All the tumour specimens reacted with monoclonal antibodies to CK 7, CK 8, CK 18 and CK 19. Antibodies to CK 1, CK 1/2/10/14, CK 1/5/10/11, CK 13, CK 14 and CK 20 did not stain any of the carcinomas. The results add additional support to the notion that mucinous sweat gland carcinoma represents a tumour histogenetically related to the eccrine secretory coil. Furthermore, the absence of CK 20 might significantly contribute to the differentiation of this tumour from cutaneous metastases from gastrointestinal carcinomas.
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PMID:Cytokeratin expression in mucinous sweat gland carcinomas: an immunohistochemical analysis of four cases. 138 Apr 81

We used immunohistochemical procedures to study the cellular expression and distribution of cytokeratins (CKs) in rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma cells growing at mammary fat pad sites and at spontaneous lymph node and lung sites. In order to establish CK distribution in normal rat mammary epithelia, immature, resting, and lactating rat mammary glands were probed with a panel of monospecific antibodies that recognize individual CKs. Basal/myepithelial cells were distinguished by expression of CKs 5 and 14 and coexpression of vimentin from luminal cells, which expressed CKs 8, 18, and 19. Antibody to CK 7 recognized luminal epithelium of immature and resting, but not lactating, mammary glands. Myoepithelial cells of lactating mammary gland were weakly recognized by antibodies to CKs 7 and 19. Tumors formed by cell lines and clones derived from parental 13762NF tumor (MTPa, MTC, MTA, and MTF7) were not recognized by any of the anti-CK antibodies. Only vimentin was expressed in these tumors and their metastases. In tumors and metastases generated from cell lines and clones derived from lymph node (MTLY) and lung metastases (MTLn2 and MTLn3) of the 13762NF tumor we observed heterogeneous CK phenotypes. Expression of CKs 5 and 18 was greatly reduced or lacking, while CK 14 was coexpressed with CKs 7, 8, and 19 with or without vimentin. Tumors from the highly metastatic clone MTLn3 had a dominant cellular phenotype, expressing CKs 7, 8, 14, and 19 and vimentin, a pattern that did not match normal mammary epithelia, whether luminal, basal/myoepithelial, or the dual-phenotype stem cell, in which CKs 5, 8, 14, and 18 were coexpressed. MTLn3 lymph node and lung metastases expressed the same cellular phenotype as the s.c. growing MTLn3 tumor. The results appear to contradict the belief that malignant mammary tumors may be distinguished from benign tumors or hyperplastic growths by the lack of basal/myoepithelial markers.
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PMID:Coexpression of cytokeratins characteristic for myoepithelial and luminal cell lineages in rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma tumors and their spontaneous metastases. 171 90

The most common carcinomas metastatic to the ovary that mimic ovarian primaries are colonic adenocarcinomas and endometrial carcinomas. Conventional histochemical staining procedures, even in combination with additional immunohistochemical assays, are of limited value in distinguishing between these metastases and primary ovarian carcinomas. In this study we investigated whether the application of monoclonal antibodies against keratins 7, 8, and 20 could help in differentiating between these categories. The reactivity patterns of 40 carcinomas metastatic to the ovary were compared with those of their primary carcinomas on the one hand and with various primary ovarian carcinomas and mesotheliomas on the other. Colon cancer metastatic to the ovary was keratin 7 negative and keratin 20 positive in 94% of the cases; in contrast, all primary ovarian carcinomas were keratin 7 positive and keratin 20 negative, with the exception of two cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Ovarian metastases of gastric cancer usually contained keratins 7 and 20. Metastases of endometrial cancer to the ovary and primary ovarian carcinomas usually showed similar keratin expression. We propose that keratin 7 and 20 antibodies may be of help to distinguish between primary ovarian carcinomas and carcinoma metastases in the ovary.
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PMID:Keratins 7 and 20 as diagnostic markers of carcinomas metastatic to the ovary. 754 41

Women with pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), characterized by multifocal mucinous implants (disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis), often have synchronous appendiceal and ovarian mucinous tumors. There has been considerable debate as to whether the ovarian tumors are secondary to the appendiceal tumor or are independent primary ovarian tumors; the latter are usually classified as mucinous tumors of low malignant potential (MLMP). It has been reported that cytokeratins (CK) 7, 18, and 20, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and human alveolar macrophage 56 (HAM-56) are useful markers for distinguishing primary ovarian neoplasms from metastases of intestinal origin. Nearly all primary ovarian MLMP tumors and mucinous carcinomas are positive for CK 7, 18, and 20, CEA, and HAM-56, whereas most colorectal adenocarcinomas are negative for both CK 7 and HAM-56 and positive for CK 20 and CEA. Thirteen appendiceal and 14 ovarian mucinous tumors from 14 cases of PMP and 11 primary ovarian MLMP tumors were studied immunohistochemically for expression of CK 7, 18, and 20, monoclonal and polyclonal CEA (mCEA and pCEA), and HAM-56. Of 14 cases of PMP, 10 (71.4%) had identical staining patterns for all antibodies in both the appendiceal and ovarian tumors. For eight of these, the pattern of immunoreactivity was characterized by negative reactions for CK 7 and HAM-56 and positive reactions for CK 18 and 20, mCEA, and pCEA. One additional case for which only the ovarian tumor could be stained had the same pattern. The remaining two cases were also positive for CK 18 and 20 and CEA, but in addition were positive for CK 7. Two cases were discordant only for CK 7 and one case was discordant for both CK 7 and HAM-56. All 11 MLMP tumors were positive for CK 7 and 18, and pCEA. Eight (72.7%) of 11 were positive for HAM-56, mCEA, and CK 20. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of immunoreactivity for CK 7 (p = 0.0005) and HAM-56 (p = 0.0002) between the ovarian mucinous tumors in PMP and the MLMP tumors, with the ovarian tumors in PMP tending to be negative for CK 7 and HAM-56, similar to the appendiceal adenomas. Most ovarian mucinous tumors in PMP demonstrate a pattern of immunoreactivity with CK 7, 18, and 20, CEA, and HAM-56 that is identical to the associated appendiceal adenoma and distinct from primary ovarian MLMP tumors, consistent with the interpretation that these ovarian tumors are secondary to the appendiceal tumor.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical evidence supporting the appendiceal origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei in women. 898 25

Results of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analyses of human breast carcinoma are described. Tumor cells were extracted and purified from breast carcinomas with different proliferative indeces and degrees of genomic stability. Cells purified from fibroadenoma tissue served as controls for benign cells. The following results were observed: (i) Analysis of samples from different areas of the same tumor showed a high degree of similarity in the pattern of polypeptide expression. Similarly, analysis of two tumors and their metastases revealed similar 2-DE profiles. (ii) In contrast, large variations were observed between different lesions with comparable histological characteristics. Larger differences in polypeptide expression were observed between potentially highly malignant carcinomas compared to comparisons of less malignant lesions. These differences were in the same order of magnitude as those observed comparing a breast carcinoma to a lung carcinoma. (iii) The levels of all cytokeratin forms resolved (CK7, CK8, CK15, and CK18) were significantly lower in carcinomas compared to fibroadenomas. (iv) The levels of high molecular weight tropomyosins (1-3) were lower in carcinomas compared to fibroadenomas. The expression of tropomyosin-1 was found to be 1.7-fold higher in primary tumors with metastatic spread to axillar lymph nodes compared to primary tumors with no evidence of metastasis (p < 0.05). (v) The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and some members of the stress protein family (pHSP60, HSP90, and calreticulin) were higher in carcinomas. We conclude that malignant progression of breast carcinomas results in large heterogeneity in polypeptide expression between different tumors, but that some common themes such as decreased expression of cytokeratin and tropomyosin polypeptides can be discerned.
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PMID:Analysis of polypeptide expression in benign and malignant human breast lesions. 915 Sep 45

Twenty cases of ovarian metastases derived from appendiceal adenocarcinomas were analyzed. The most common presentation was a pelvic mass. The appendiceal and ovarian tumors were diagnosed concurrently in 15 cases; in the remaining five, the ovarian tumors were diagnosed before the appendiceal tumor. The appendiceal adenocarcinomas demonstrated four morphologic patterns: 1) signet ring cell type, with or without glandular or goblet cell differentiation (14 cases); 2) mixed signet ring cell and intestinal type (two cases); 3) intestinal type (two cases); and 4) typical colorectal type (two cases). The ovarian tumors were bilateral in 16 cases and were histologically similar to the associated appendiceal tumor in each case. Ovarian metastases that demonstrate signet ring cell, glandular, and goblet cell differentiation mimic metastases from gastric adenocarcinoma. Those that are derived from well-differentiated mucinous appendiceal adenocarcinomas mimic primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastases from the pancreas and biliary tract. Metastases of appendiceal adenocarcinomas of colorectal type simulate both metastatic colorectal carcinoma and primary ovarian endometrioid carcinomas. The appendiceal and ovarian tumors were immunophenotypically identical in each case. Approximately 50% of the appendiceal and ovarian tumors were positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK 7), and all were positive for cytokeratin 20 (CK 20). CK 20 positivity of the ovarian tumors is consistent with gastrointestinal origin; CK 7 positivity does not confirm ovarian origin, because appendiceal carcinomas are positive in 50% of cases. Metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mucinous ovarian tumors with signet ring cell, goblet cell, or intestinal type differentiation, especially when these tumors are associated with extraovarian disease and are bilateral.
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PMID:The morphologic spectrum of ovarian metastases of appendiceal adenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of tumors often misinterpreted as primary ovarian tumors or metastatic tumors from other gastrointestinal sites. 933 Dec 86

Perianal Paget's disease is rare, and its relationship to an associated internal regional cancer has been ill defined. We analyzed the histologic and immunohistochemical features of perianal Paget's disease in 11 patients to determine the frequency and relationship of associated regional internal carcinoma and to gain insight into its histogenesis. Of five patients with documented rectal adenocarcinoma, it was discovered synchronously with the Paget's disease in four and, subsequently, in one. Paget's cells of signet ring type predominated in four cases. Intraepithelial glands with intraluminal dirty necrosis were present in four cases. The immunophenotype in four cases studied was cytokeratin (CK)7+/CK20+/gross cystic disease fluid protein- (GCDFP) in both the intraepithelial Paget's cells and the invasive rectal adenocarcinoma. Six patients did not have documented rectal carcinoma. The Paget's cells in four were CK7+/CK20-/GCDFP15+. Three of these had purely intraepithelial Paget's disease, and invasive or metastatic disease developed in none after wide local excision. Bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases developed in the fourth patient, and the patient died 8 months after diagnosis of Paget's disease. In two patients, the Paget's cells were CK7+/CK20+/GCDFP15-. Recurrent intraepithelial perianal Paget's disease developed in one patient at 7 months; the patient was alive without disease at 24 months, and the other patient had several intraepithelial recurrences of perianal Paget's disease, and, subsequently, a large perianal tumor of uncertain cell type developed at 108 months, which led to the patient's death. We conclude that there are two types of perianal Paget's disease. One type has endodermal differentiation with gastrointestinal-type glands containing intraluminal dirty necrosis, numerous signet ring cells, CK20 positivity, and GCDFP15 negativity. Such cases are especially likely to be associated with synchronous or metachronous rectal adenocarcinoma. The other type is a primary cutaneous intraepithelial neoplasm in which the Paget's cells display sweat gland differentiation, including GCDFP15 positivity; it generally lacks gastrointestinal-type glands, intraluminal dirty necrosis, and CK20 positivity. The CK7 is a sensitive, albeit nonspecific, marker for Paget's cells.
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PMID:Perianal Paget's disease: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases with and without associated rectal adenocarcinoma. 950 Feb 17

The aim of this study was to compare the immunophenotype of the human colon cancer cell line HT29 tumour deposits in the lung which occurred spontaneously after subcutaneous implantation with those which arose after intravenous injection into severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. Irrespective of the route of implantation the colon cancer cells were readily observed in the lungs of the scid mice. Similar patterns of immunoreactivity for the proliferative markers (MiB-1, PCNA), and for the tumour suppressor gene (p53) were detected in both groups, and for carcinoembryonic antigen, with only minor quantitative differences in levels of marker expression. Whereas the marker CD44 variant 6 gave very little reaction after either route, cytokeratin expression varied amongst the different cytokeratins (CK 7, 18 or 20), and with the route of implantation. CA125 and E-cadherin were weakly expressed after intravenous injection, but generally not after subcutaneous implantation. Vimentin was not demonstrated in any of the specimens examined. In general, the expression of proliferative markers, and of oncogenes, appears to be independent of the implantation route, whilst expression of cell adhesion molecules can be dependent on the route of implantation.
Invasion Metastasis 1997
PMID:Immunophenotype of human HT29 colon cancer cell metastases in the lungs of scid mice: spontaneous versus artificial metastases. 956 Oct 26

We reviewed 4 cases of high-grade transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary tract with solitary pulmonary metastases that were studied by transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy cytology. There were two grade II and two grade III TCCs. The two grade II tumors yielded, in needle aspirates, syncytial tumor-cell clusters showing ill-defined, granular cytoplasm and slightly pleomorphic nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. In one case the tumor-cell cluster showed a focal acinar arrangement, mimicking cells of an adenocarcinoma. In both cases the electron microscopy (EM) study of aspirated tumor cells revealed epithelial cells with well-formed cell junctions, intracytoplasmic vesicles, apical short microvilli, and focal interdigitation of lateral cell membranes, suggesting a urothelial neoplasm. The two grade III TCCs yielded, in needle aspirates, pleomorphic malignant cells singly and in small clusters, showing well-defined, granular cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei containing prominent nucleoli, suggesting a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or an anaplastic large-cell carcinoma. By EM examination the aspirated tumor cells from one case revealed well-formed cell junctions, intracytoplasmic vesicles, poorly formed microvilli, and focal interdigitation of lateral cell membranes, suggesting a urothelial differentiation. In the other case the tumor cells were pleomorphic cells with occasional cell junctions and no ultrastructural features as seen in the other 3 cases of TCC. The tumor cells from the two grade II TCCs showed strong immunopositive reaction with keratin 7 antibody and weakly positive reaction with carcinoembryonic antigen antibody (CEAA), while those of the two grade III TCCs displayed only a weak and focal immunopositive staining with keratin 7 antibody and strong reaction with CEAA.
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PMID:Needle aspiration cytology of metastatic high-grade transitional-cell carcinomas of the urinary tract. 1042 56

Leukocyte common antigen (CD45/LCA) and keratin expression are generally mutually exclusive in diagnostic surgical pathology. CD45 reactivity is a reliable indicator of the hematolymphoid nature of a tumor, whereas keratin reactivity is typical of epithelial differentiation (carcinomas and some sarcomas). Some lymphomas, however, might lack detectable CD45 expression, whereas occasional ones might express keratins. CD45 immunoreactivity has been considered exquisitely specific for hematopoietic cells. We report three undifferentiated or neuroendocrine carcinomas that showed membrane-associated immunoreactivity for CD45 in addition to showing distinctive keratin cocktail (AE1/AE3) and epithelial membrane antigen reactivity (all cases); also, keratin 7 was demonstrated in one case and keratin 19 in another. Two cases were lymph node metastases of undifferentiated carcinomas, one of them from the lungs and the other of an unknown origin; the former case showed neuroendocrine features. The third case represented a pulmonary large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma. These cases were negative for lineage-specific leukocyte antigens and did not show clonal immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated desmosomes and keratin-like tonofilaments in all three cases, thus confirming the epithelial nature of these tumors. The exceptional membrane staining for CD45 seen in these undifferentiated carcinomas might be comparable to experimentally detected incorporation of leukocyte antigens into the cell membranes of nonleukocytic cells in a leukocyte-rich environment. This rare diagnostic pitfall should be considered in the diagnostic surgical pathology of undifferentiated tumors. It is best avoided by employing a panel of leukocyte and epithelial antigens and by use of electron microscopy, if possible.
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PMID:CD45 (leukocyte common antigen) immunoreactivity in metastatic undifferentiated and neuroendocrine carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall. 987 53


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