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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypervascular nature of carcinoid tumors and their metastases allows a more aggressive role by the radiologist in diagnosis and interventional management. Double-contrast gastrointestinal studies still best define the primary neoplasms. Appendiceal tumors, the most frequent site of carcinoids, frequently escape radiologic detection until large enough to be discovered by computed tomography (CT). Superior mesenteric arteriography of the small bowel and cecum is useful when the scanning procedures are not revealing. The "spokewheel" configuration of the desmoplastic mesenteric masses and lymph node metastases are best seen by CT, whereas hepatic metastases can be demonstrated by CT, CT-angioportography (CTAP), ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and octreotide scintigraphy. Percutaneous needle biopsy with radiologic guidance confirms the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors and their metastases. Hepatic arteriography is frequently performed in preparation for hepatic embolization or chemoembolization. Hepatic vascular occlusion therapy, the procedure of choice for the management of inoperable carcinoid liver metastases, results in a partial response in at least 50% of patients and a mortality rate of 5%. Chemoembolization with microencapsulated cytotoxic agents and direct percutaneous ethanol injection should also be considered for the treatment of liver metastases.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumors: imaging procedures and interventional radiology. 866 10

The experimental metastatic potential (lung-colonizing ability) of B16BL6 melanoma cells was examined in C57BL/6 mice after exposure to ethanol in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, tumor cells were cultured with ethanol (0.3% v/v), or medium alone, for three passages at 5-day intervals. In vivo, B16BL6 melanoma was exposed to ethanol by administering ethanol (10% or 20% w/v) to mice following subcutaneous inoculation of tumor cells into the dorsal hip. All tumor cells were subsequently inoculated intravenously into the lateral tail vein of water-drinking mice to assess changes in metastatic phenotype. Tumor cells cocultured in vivo with ethanol produced significantly higher numbers of superficial lung colonies, compared with tumor cells cultured in control medium. Experimental metastasis of tumor cells obtained from 20% w/v ethanol-consuming mice was also significantly increased, compared with cells obtained from water-drinking mice. Metastasis of B16BL6 melanoma cells previously obtained from mice consuming 10% w/v ethanol did not differ from controls. In other experiments, water-drinking and ethanol-consuming (2.5%, 10%, and 20% w/v) mice were inoculated subcutaneously into the dorsal hip with B16BL6 melanoma cells, and monitored for tumor growth rate and survival time. In these experiments, survival times were significantly shorter in mice consuming 20% ethanol, compared with all other groups. Subcutaneous tumor growth rate was unaffected by ethanol consumption. Lung metastasis resulting from subcutaneous tumor implantation of B16BL6 melanoma was respectively inhibited, or absent, in 10% and 20% ethanol-consuming groups. Thus, tumor growth rate and incidence of lung metastases were not apparent determinants of decreased survival in 20% ethanol-consuming mice. The results of this study indicate that the experimental metastatic potential of B16BL6 melanoma is increased during exposure to ethanol; however, metastasis from subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice is suppressed. This latter finding is consistent with previous results in which spontaneous metastasis was also suppressed after inoculation of the tumor into the pinna of the ear. Although ethanol increases the ability of B16BL6 melanoma to colonize the lung after intravenous inoculation, this effect is abated in the presence of host factors in ethanol-consuming mice.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996 Jun
PMID:Ethanol modulates metastatic potential of B16BL6 melanoma and host responses. 880 Mar 77

Estrogen and progesterone receptor reactivity may be useful in identifying possible primary sites of metastatic disease or directing therapy in tumors of the female genital tract, including breast, ovary, and endometrium. Various methods have been described for the immunocytochemical evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status of cytologic specimens but our results have been variable. We evaluated the effectiveness of various fixatives [cytospin collection fluid, Shandon, Pittsburgh, PA (SH); ethanol (ETH); and formalin (FOR)] for fixation of smears (SM) and cell block (CB) material. The percentage and intensity of tumor nuclei of SM, CB, and tissue sections (TS) stained for ER and PR by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique were compared. Samples were considered ER or PR positive when > or = 20% of tumor nuclei were stained. The sensitivity of ER analysis of SMs and CBs in each fixative compared to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were as follows: SM (SH) 88%, SM (ETH) 14%, CB (SH) 58%, CB (ETH) 43%, and CB (FOR) 70%. The sensitivity of PR determination on SMs and CBs was SM (SH) 71%, SM (ETH) 6.0%, CB (SH) 25%, CB (ETH) 33%, CB (FOR) 80%. These findings indicate that of the fixatives evaluated for ER analysis, SMs fixed in SH provided the best results. For PR evaluation, CBs fixed in FOR gave the best results.
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PMID:Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in cytologic specimens using various fixatives. 880 59

Earlier evidence suggests that transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) plays a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis. The most likely mechanism of the action of TGF beta is induction of immunosuppression in the host, allowing for unchecked tumor growth and metastasis. We attempted to test that hypothesis and to compare antitumor effects of anti-TGF beta antibody alone and in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2). Six- to 8-week-old female C57B1-6 mice were induced with murine B16 melanoma by tail vein injection. Therapy was started 48 h after tumor injections. Monoclonal anti-TGF beta antibody (2G7) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 500 micrograms every other day, and IL-2 at 10,000 U i.p. twice daily, for 21 days. A threefold decrease in the number of lesions in the anti-TGF beta/IL-2 treatment group compared with the control group was observed, a highly significant statistical difference (p = 0.002). No statistically significant differences were seen between the control group and other studied groups (IL-2 alone, anti-TGF beta alone). Analysis of TGF beta levels in plasma by the TGF beta-1 Quantikine assay indicated normal levels in the control and IL-2 groups, and significantly diminished levels in the two groups that received TGF beta antibody. However, acid-ethanol extraction of plasma (to reverse antibody binding before assay) showed normal plasma TGF beta levels in all groups, suggesting that the antibody may alter the availability of TGF beta in vivo. Microscopic analysis of metastases revealed a decrease in the average size of lesions in the groups treated with IL-2. Thus, combination therapy using anti-TGF beta antibody and IL-2 may be a novel, less toxic approach to tumor immunotherapy.
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PMID:Modulation of B16 melanoma growth and metastasis by anti-transforming growth factor beta antibody and interleukin-2. 881 91

Ethanol injection was tried in patients who underwent exploratory thoracotomy. There were 4 males and 1 female, adenocarcinoma in 3 cases, large cell carcinoma in 1 case, and metastatic lung cancer in 1 case. We grasped the lung included the tumor, and injected ethanol directly into the tumor. Maximum dose of injected ethanol was within 10 ml. There were no any complications postoperatively in all patients. Postoperative course was followed by means of chest CT. Three patients whose preoperative cancer stage was early stage gained good results in local control, two patients whose preoperative cancer stage was stage III B in one patient and metastatic cancer rapidly growing in other patient had no effects. Ethanol injection into the lung tumor was easy to perform and safety, and has direct effect in local control of the tumor in especially small sized.
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PMID:[Ethanol injection therapy to the lung cancer]. 913 35

Close imaging follow-up of patients with known colorectal adenocarcinoma and other cancer can often detect hepatic metastases that are still small and potentially treatable. Unfortunately, many of these patients are poor surgical candidates, or refuse operation. This has stimulated the search for other minimally invasive means of tumor ablation. The first procedure suggested for this type of treatment was percutaneous ultrasound guided ethanol injection. Complete response is often obtained in lesions less than 2-3 cm, but only partial response in greater lesions. Usually a decrease of CEA values is observed, lasting for some months. Clearly, is difficult to establish whether, how much, and in which cases patient survival is lengthened. In the same time, because the procedure has proved safe, simple and cheap, when palliative purpose is requested it is hard to deny treatment to an inoperable patient with not advanced disease. Response in endocrine metastases in higher, because of their hypervascularity. Recently, encouraging results have been obtained inducing coagulation necrosis by means of thermal methods as laser or radiofrequency. In particular, new strategies of the latter obtained very promising results.
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PMID:[Physical and chemical locoregional therapy in liver metastasis]. 921 71

Although surgery remains the treatment of choice for hepatic malignancy, both primary and secondary, the majority of patients presenting with hepatic tumors are unfortunately not candidates for resection. A number of alternative hepatic-directed therapies are assessed for their role in the following settings: as primary treatment modalities; as treatment adjuvants to surgical resection, including neoadjuvant therapy to downstage tumors prior to planned resection; and as a means of palliation when tumors are incurable. Non-surgical hepatic-directed therapies demonstrated to prolong survival include adjuvant portal vein chemotherapy infusion at the time of resection of primary colorectal cancer, and hepatic artery infusion in the setting of established hepatic metastases. Several other therapies are described but remain incompletely evaluated, including transplantation, microwave coagulation, injection of radiolabeled particles, chemoembolization, percutaneous ethanol injection, and cryosurgery. Due to the rarity of these tumors, many studies present results of heterogeneous populations of patients, making meaningful comparison difficult. Finally, it must be said that screening asymptomatic patients after resection of colorectal cancer with a view to application of hepatic-directed therapy in the setting of colorectal metastases is costly.
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PMID:Liver-directed therapies for gastrointestinal malignancies. 925 87

We performed compulsory superselective transcatheter arterial embolization on local hypovascular liver metastases under balloon occlusion using a 1-mm (3 F) coaxial microballoon catheter in 2 cases. One case was a metastasis from breast cancer (maximum diameter 5.5 cm) at segment 7. The other case comprised metastases from rectal cancer (maximum diameter 8 cm) at segments 7 and 8. Absolute ethanol (50%) mixed with Lipiodol (50%) was used for embolization. No major treatment-related complications occurred. No local recurrence was observed in either case in follow-up CT and MR studies of up to 16 and 9 months respectively. This technique may thus be applied as an alternative to surgical resection in the treatment of local hypovascular liver tumors.
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PMID:Compulsory superselective arterial embolization in hypovascular local hepatic tumor ablation. Microballoon coaxial catheterization. 933 40

The experiment was carried out on 45 male Wistar rats which were divided into 3 groups: group I-15 rats which were given water to drink during the experiment, group II-15 rats obtaining 10% ethanol solution during the experiment and group III-15 rats obtaining 20% ethanol solution during the experiment. All animals were injected 0.3 ml suspension of hepatoma Morris 5123 cells directly to the liver on the 14th day of the experiment. After the 9 weeks of the experiment the animals from all groups were narcotized, decapitated and the lungs were taken into the morphometric, histological and ultrastructural examinations. They showed that ethanol has a stimulating effect on formation and development of hepatoma Morris 5123 in rat lungs. The increase of number and extensiveness of metastases as well as the increase of mean metastases focuses volume, and the increase of lung weight in animals which obtained ethanol are the exponent of the influence. On the basis of ultrastructural examinations, it can be noted that promoting activity of ethanol can be connected: a) with the increase of neoplastic cells activity, b) with changes appearing in pulmonic epithelium and endothelium of vessel enabling neoplastic cells to adhere to basal membrane as well as their crossing the vessel wall.
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PMID:The ethanol effect on lung metastases development in experimental Morris 5123 hepatoma. 933 56

With the aid of improvement in imaging technique and with the ability of detection of hepatic tumours, the successful treatment of primary and secondary hepatic tumours using surgical methods has gained importance. Metastasectomies were performed in 16 cases at our department in 1996. In 6 cases atypical resections and/or infiltration with 96% ethanol were performed. In 3 instances ethanol infiltration into the metastases were accomplished during the resection, in 4 cases--when metastases were discovered 1-4 year after the resection of the primary tumours--the same method was used during the relaparatomy. 96% ethanol was injected directly into the metastatic tumours during operations. The early ultrasonograph examinations proved the total destruction of the metastases in diameter of 1-3 cm, and partial necrosis of the large (d = 3-8 cm) tumours. Two patients were lost from the follow up. Five patients are still alive after 2-8 months of the ethanol infiltration. In one patient after the ethanol infiltration of metastases /d = 3-5 cm/ in 6 segments of the liver we observed the dissemination of the tumour.
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PMID:Experiences with ethanol infiltration of the liver metastases of colorectal tumors (preliminary study). 940 12


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