Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death from cancer in American men and metastasis the main cause of death. To better understand the disease and accelerate development of new therapies, in vivo models that reflect different disease stages are needed. A family of cell lines that mimics multiple steps in cancer development and tumor progression has been developed in our laboratory from the parent, non-tumorigenic, RWPE-1 cell line by transformation with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The MNU cell lines mimic multiple steps in tumor progression where WPE1-NB26 is the most malignant cell line. WPE1-NB26 cells form metastases in the lungs of athymic, male, nude mice after intravenous injection. Two new cell lines, WPE1-NB26-64 and WPE1-NB26-65, showing more malignant characteristics than the parent WPE1-NB26 cell line, were derived from tumors after subcutaneous injection of WPE1-NB26 cells into nude mice. The WPE1-NB26-64 and WPE1-NB26-65 cell lines show an increase in anchorage-dependent growth and invasive ability as compared to the parent WPE1-NB26 cells. While the parent WPE1-NB26 cells express barely detectable levels, the new cell lines produce high levels of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 and detectable levels of MMP-9. By immunostaining, all three cell lines were positive for cytokeratins CK18 and CK5/14. These cell lines, having the same lineage, represent additional steps in the multi-step process of tumor progression and provide novel and useful cell models for studies on tumor progression and for drug development for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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PMID:Selection of cell lines with enhanced invasive phenotype from xenografts of the human prostate cancer cell line WPE1-NB26. 1647 Oct 37

Lymph node micrometastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx found node-negative by conventional histology may be discovered by immunohistochemistry, particularly by using mono- and policlonal antibodies which are reactive with epithelial cells. Then tumors classified as pN0 by routine methods may be reclassified more correctly as pN1. Authors investigated the incidence of micrometastases in the neck dissection specimens originally staged as pN0 from 22 patients with laryngeal cancer treated surgically at ENT Department Medical University of Lodz between 1998-1999 according to: the survival, using immunostaining with panel of mono- and policlonal antibodies to cytokeratins CK1, CK4, CK5, CK6, CK8, CK10, CK13 and CK18. The relationship between micro-metastases and clinical features of primary tumor and lymph nodes has been discussed.
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PMID:[Cytokeratin antigen expression in lymph nodes--prognostic significance of clinical features of the primary tumor and lymph nodes in the presence of micrometastases in laryngeal carcinoma]. 1747 62

The proto-oncogene c-kit is known to be expressed in poorly differentiated breast cancer. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the prognostic and predictive impact of c-kit in a high risk subgroup of breast cancer patients (>9 axillary node metastases) who received high-dose (HDCT) or dose-dense (DDCT) conventional chemotherapy and correlated these findings with the expression of the basal-type markers CK5 and CK 17, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor, Her-2/neu and MIB 1. C-kit, CK5, CK17, ER, PR, Her-2/neu and MIBI expression was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays containing breast cancer samples from 236 patients who were randomized to the WSG AM01 trial (median follow-up of 60 months). There was a significant overall survival (OS) benefit for patients receiving HDCT compared to DDCT (p = 0.027). C-KIT expression was found in 12 % of all breast cancers and correlated with a poorer OS in multivariate analysis (p = 0.051). Furthermore, c-kit correlated with high grade (p = 0.019), CK5- and CK17-positivity (p <0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ER- and PR-negativity (p = 0.04 and p = 0.008, respectively). In contrast to CK5 and CK17, patients with c-kit positive breast cancers revealed no benefit from high-dose chemotherapy. These findings underline that c-kit expression represents an independent negative prognostic marker in high-risk breast cancer. Correlation with CK5 +/CK17+ and ER-/PR-suggests that c-kit positive carcinomas are at least partly of basal-type.
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PMID:C-kit expression in high-risk breast cancer subgroup treated with high-dose or conventional dose-dense chemotherapy. 1786 95

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer that metastasizes to mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs). The diagnosis of MPM metastatic to MLNs may not be straightforward. We describe 3 cases to highlight unusual entities of MPM metastatic to MLNs as follows. One patient with a history of T3N1M0, poorly differentiated esophageal adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma presented with shortness of breath, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion; metastatic disease was clinically suspected. Unexpectedly, immunohistochemical studies supported the diagnosis of MPM metastatic to the MLN on biopsy. In another case, mesothelial cell inclusions were initially diagnosed based on the light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and lack of pleural thickening on computed tomography studies. Subsequent fine needle aspiration of an enlarged cervical lymph node found an atypical mesothelial proliferation, and metastatic mesothelioma was strongly suspected. Video-assisted thoracoscopic examination showed small visceral nodules, and pleural biopsy was diagnosed as malignant epithelioid mesothelioma. The mediastinal and cervical lymph node biopsies were reinterpreted as positive for MPM. In the last case, MLN biopsy showed a malignant epithelioid cell proliferation. Calretinin, CK5/6, WT-1, D2-40, p63, and CD5 were immunohistochemically detected in the tumor but epithelial markers and TTF-1 were negative. Metastatic mesothelioma was considered based on immunohistochemistry and computerized tomography finding of pleural thickening even though p63 and CD5 positivity were unusual. In summary, MPM may present as mediastinal lymphadenopathy with metastases or it may be a concurrent neoplasm with other malignancies or shows an unusual immunohistochemical staining pattern. Caution should be used when diagnosing mesothelial cell inclusions in MLNs.
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PMID:Unusual features of malignant pleural mesothelioma metastatic to the mediastinal lymph nodes. 1830 Dec 36

Endometrial stromal sarcomas can be confused with several neoplasms because of their inconsistent and widely varied morphologic appearance and frequent immunohistochemical expression of a variety of antigens including cytokeratin. The resulting diagnostic challenge becomes problematic particularly in the diagnosis of metastases resulting from such tumors. Because of the sometime epithelioid appearance of the tumor cells and their expression of cytokeratin, the metastases may be misdiagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinoma. We therefore studied the profile of cytokeratin proteins expression in 17 cases of endometrial stromal sarcomas using a panel of antibodies including cytokeratin cocktail antibody (AE1/AE 3), CK5/6, CK7, CK14, CK16, Cam5.2 (CK8), CK19, CK20, and 34Ebeta12 (CK1, 5, 10, and 14). Of the 17 cases, 8 (47%) stained positive with the cytokeratin cocktail antibody (AE1/AE 3). Of the 8 cases with cytokeratin expression, 5 (63%) stained positive with CK19, and 3 of them stained positive with Cam5.2. The 3 cases that stained positive with Cam5.2 also expressed CK19. Of the 5 cases with CK19, 1 was focally positive for CK5/6, CK7, and 34Ebeta12. None of the cases expressed CK14, CK16, or CK20. These results show that CK19 is most commonly expressed cytokeratin in endometrial stromal tumors. Hence, the inclusion of CK19 in the panel of immunostains may help resolve the diagnostic confusion created by keratin expression in endometrial stromal sarcoma and may also help in the correct diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma at extrauterine sites.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical profiling of cytokeratin expression by endometrial stroma sarcoma. 1861 44

This report describes the macroscopic, histologic, immunohistologic and ultrastructural characteristics ofa biphasic malignant mesothelioma in the peritoneal and pleural cavity of a 13-year-old Icelandic pony mare, which exhibited recurrent ascites clinically. Immunohistology was performed employing multiple monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins (CK) and vimentin. The ultrastructural examination included the quantitative evaluation of the length to diameter ratio of the microvilli. Post mortem examination revealed a severe ascites and hydrothorax. The serosal surfaces of the peritoneum and pleura displayed poorly-demarcated, multifocal to coalescing laminar masses and small nodules. Histology revealed a bimorphic mass consisting of spindle-shaped cells and microcystic epithelioid areas. A transcoelomic and local invasive growth pattern as well as lymph node metastases were noticed. Immunohistology revealed a strong expression of CK. Though a low and moderate expression of CK5/6 and CK20 was present, respectively, CK7 and CK10-antigens were lacking. Ultrastructurally, the epithelioid mesothelioma cells displayed long microvilli, cytoplasmic tonofilaments, and desmosomes. Quantitative evaluation of the length to diameter ratio of the 10 longest microvilli revealed a mean value of approximately 16.2. Summarized, this report described the case of a malignant biphasic mesothelioma with an atypical CK20 expression but a characteristic ultrastructural morphology including long microvilli.
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PMID:A biphasic malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum and pleura in a horse. 1946 42

Clinical investigations with imaging- and endoscopic techniques in order to identify the primary tumor sites in patients with CUP syndrome generally entail a significant diagnostic effort. If costs exceed <euro> 800.00, a financial loss ensues for German hospitals, as public health insurance companies do not reimburse above this amount. Combined cytological/immunocytochemical investigation of metastatic cancer cells represents a cost-effective, minimally invasive procedure to identify the probable primary cancer site that can be applied on an outpatient basis. We report on 85 fine needle aspiration biopsies of metastases to the liver, 30 to the lymph nodes and over 180 serous effusions and/or ascites with metastatic cancer cells in CUP. After conventional microscopic inspection, a routine panel of six monoclonal antibodies was applied (CK 5/6, CK 7, CK 20, Cdx 2, TTF 1 and CA 125). We were thus able to correctly identify the primary tumor sites in 90.3%, 92.0% and 85.1%, respectively, within three days. In total, 23 primary hepatocellular carcinomas could all be classified correctly, applying the antibodies HepPar 1, BerEp 4, AFP, CD 31, CD 68 and Ki 67. In addition, 141 malignant epithelial mesotheliomas were typed correctly in 97.1%, using the antibodies BerEp 4, Calretinin, Mesothelin, EMA and WT. Therefore, immunocytochemical investigation of metastatic cancer cells from fine needle aspiration biopsies or in serous effusions offers an efficient, cost-effective diagnostic alternative to imaging and endoscopic techniques in the workup of patients with CUP syndrome.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical identification of carcinomas of unknown primaries on fine-needle-aspiration-biopsies]. 1975 20

The author reports herein a case of occult very small lung carcinoma with a solitary brain metastasis that is clinically diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma, with an emphasis on pathologic findings. A 48-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital complaining of mild paresis of left leg. Brain CT and MRI showed a solitary tumor (2 cm) with features of cavernous hemangioma in the right temporal lobe. Tumorectomy was performed, and it was pathologically undifferentiated carcinoma. An immunohistochemical analysis reveled that the carcinoma cells were positive for four types of pancytokeratin, cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CK7, CK18, CK19, p63, and Ki-67 (78%). They were negative for high molecular weight CK, CK14, CK20, TTF-1, PE-10, melanosome, S100 protein, EMA, vimentin, CD34, myoglobin, CEA, p53, desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD56, neuron-specific enolase, CD68, KIT, and PDGFRA. The positive CK7 and negative CK20 suggested lung origin, and cytokeratin profiles and positive CK5/6 and p63 suggested a squamous differentiation. The pathological diagnosis was undifferentiated carcinoma with squamous differentiation probably of lung origin. Later, systemic CT, MRI and PET were performed, and they detected a small lung tumor (8 mm) in the right apex. The lung biopsy revealed an undifferentiated carcinoma with focal squamous differentiation; the immunohistochemical findings were the same as those of the brain tumor. These findings suggest that occult very small lung carcinoma can metastasize to brain and such a metastasis may mimic cavernous hemangioma radiologically. Pathologic observations using many antibodies are very useful to determine the origin and histological type in solitary brain nodule.
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PMID:Occult very small lung carcinoma with a solitary brain metastasis that is clinically diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma: a case report. 1982 73

Triple-negative breast cancer, defined as that with negative expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and cerbB2, accounted for 11% of invasive breast cancers in our study, drawn from an original cohort of 7048 women diagnosed with breast cancer from the files of the Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, over 14 years. Women with triple-negative breast cancer were generally postmenopausal, with adverse pathological characteristics of high histological grade and frequent nodal metastases. Using a set of 61 invasive breast cancers earlier profiled into molecular subtypes with expression arrays, we defined specificity and sensitivity values for different immunohistochemical panels of basal keratins (CK5/6, CK14, CK17, 34 beta E12), CD117, EGFR, p63 and SMA in defining basal-like breast cancer. Subsequent application of a tri-panel of CK14, EGFR and 34 beta E12 (specificity 100% and sensitivity 78%) to our group of 653 triple-negative breast cancers delineated 84% to be basal-like. Immunohistochemical expression of individual biological markers correlated with unfavorable pathological parameters. We conclude that triple-negative breast cancers in an Asian population harbor adverse pathobiological features, and an immunohistochemical surrogate panel can be reliably used to define basal-like cancers among them.
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PMID:Triple-negative breast cancer: clinicopathological characteristics and relationship with basal-like breast cancer. 1985 77

Myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC) is a rare type of breast cancer composed purely of myoepithelial cells. Most often it presents with a spindle cell morphology that can mimic several benign and malignant lesions and may be misdiagnosed by the pathologist. We report 15 cases of MEC, which were sent to our consultation practice: Five of them were initially diagnosed as benign. The patients, all female, ranged from 45 to 86 years in age (mean 69.5) and-with one exception-presented with a breast mass. The tumor size measured between 1 and 4.8 cm (mean 2.6 cm). Microscopically, the tumors had infiltrative growth pattern most frequently with thin anastomosing cords of tumor cells associated with an intimately admixed reactive spindle cell stroma. The neoplastic myoepithelial cells were emanating from the myoepithelial cell layer of entrapped ductules in every case. The nuclei showed mild to moderate pleomorphism, and the mitotic activity ranged from 0 to 9/10 high power field. Immunohistochemical stains for p63, CD10, CK903, and CK5/6 reacted strongly and diffusely with the tumor cells, and mainly the reactive stroma had weak positivity for calponin, S-100, and smooth muscle actin. Estrogen receptor, progesteron receptor, and Her2 immunostains were negative, but strong epidermal growth factor receptor expression was observed. Follow-up was available for seven patients: All of them were alive at last contact; one patient had local recurrence, and one developed pulmonary metastases. MEC is a potentially aggressive malignant neoplasm sharing many features with metaplastic carcinomas. Morphologically, it is often difficult to distinguish it from benign spindle cell proliferations.
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PMID:Myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 diagnostically challenging cases. 2065 49


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