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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of tamoxifen therapy on plasma hormones in the pre- and postmenopausal state was studied in a young patient with breast cancer. Tamoxifen therapy was carried out for metastatic disease prior to (premenopausal) and after oophorectomy (surgical menopause). Changes in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and estrogen were noted and were corroborated with the therapy or oophorectomy. The findings support some of the previously reported changes in those hormones that were noted in conjunction with tamoxifen therapy.
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PMID:Plasma hormone responses to tamoxifen therapy and oophorectomy. 629 82

A large controlled clinical trial with the admission of 1005 patients was carried out using tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for women with operable carcinoma of the breast. Results were analysed for the first 906 evaluable patients randomised up to December 1981. After mastectomy premenopausal women were randomised to receive either an irradiation menopause or tamoxifen 20 mg daily for one year. Postmenopausal women were randomised to receive either tamoxifen 20 mg daily for one year or no systemic treatment (controls). Analysis at five years suggested that for premenopausal women there was no significant difference between an irradiation menopause and tamoxifen in terms of survival, local recurrence, or distant metastases. Tamoxifen had no appreciable side effects. For postmenopausal women there was a trend in favour of tamoxifen with regard to survival and incidence of distant metastases, and the difference became statistically significant for those patients with four or more positive axillary nodes. If long term results of these studies show only an improved quality of remaining life with tamoxifen, then this drug could be an important contribution to adjuvant treatment.
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PMID:Adjuvant tamoxifen for operable carcinoma of the breast: report of clinical trial by the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute. 640 1

The objective of this study was to analyze the treatment and its results in breast cancer of the elderly. Special attention was given to the primary treatment with tamoxifen alone. We reviewed 210 patients over 70 years old with breast cancer treated between 1980 and 1992. Mean follow-up time was 41 months. Tamoxifen was given as primary treatment in 34 patients without distant metastases; 147 patients without distant metastases underwent surgery. Local or regional recurrence occurred in 6% of the patients who had surgery. Local progressive disease was reported in 27% of those treated with tamoxifen (P < 0.005). These patients had further surgery. There was no difference between the two groups in overall survival of patients and occurrence of metastases. We concluded that optimal treatment of breast cancer in the elderly should include surgery. Only patients with very limited life expectancy should receive tamoxifen alone.
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PMID:Treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients. 756 85

Between 1982 and 1990, 321 elderly patients (range 70-92 years, median age 77) with operable breast cancer (T1 in 219, T2 in 77, T3 in one and T4b in 24 patients) and clinically uninvolved axillary nodes underwent surgery without axillary dissection and received adjuvant tamoxifen. All patients had surgery performed under local anaesthesia. Tamoxifen was given after surgery at the dose of 20 mg daily, indefinitely. With a median follow-up of 67 months (range 42-141), 17 patients developed local relapse, 14 ipsilateral axillary recurrence, five ipsilateral breast cancer, five contralateral breast cancer, 13 second primary and 23 developed distant metastases. The cumulative probability of developing a local, axillary and distant recurrence at 72 months was estimated to be 5.4%, 4.3% and 6.2%, respectively. Out of 244 patients who did not develop any relapse, 83 (25.8%) died from intercurrent disease. The 72 month relapse-free survival rate was 76%. This experience suggests that elderly patients with small tumours without clinical axillary involvement may be satisfactorily treated with conservative surgery and tamoxifen. The importance of axillary dissection is controversial owing to a high response rate to hormonal therapy and an increased death rate due to concomitant diseases.
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PMID:Long-term follow-up of elderly patients with operable breast cancer treated with surgery without axillary dissection plus adjuvant tamoxifen. 757 77

Our understanding of mechanisms of resistance to endocrine treatment has increased; they include mutations in steroid receptors and altered metabolism of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen and progestogens appear to have similar efficacies for first-line endocrine treatment, but high doses of progestogens have been shown to give less cost-effective results compared with conventional doses. Numerous new endocrine and cytotoxic agents have been reported, but no major new treatments have been identified. High-dose chemotherapy for metastatic disease remains experimental. The concept of estrogen recruitment to enhance chemosensitivity has not been corroborated. Prior adjuvant systemic treatment renders treatment of relapsed breast cancer less effective.
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PMID:Therapy for metastatic breast cancer. 782 68

A multicentre trial in operable breast cancer in patients aged over 70 years compared tamoxifen alone (starting with a loading dose of 160 mg on the first day) with surgery plus adjuvant tamoxifen. 473 patients were recruited with a median follow up of 36 months. Local progression occurred in 15/237 patients in the surgical arm versus 60/236 in the tamoxifen alone arm (p = 0.000). There were 48 deaths in the surgical arm and 41 in the other one (p = 0.67). Distant metastases occurred in 33/237 patients in the surgical arm versus 19/236 in the tamoxifen alone arm (p = 0.058). In elderly patients with operable breast cancer surgery is indicated. Tamoxifen alone is an adequate alternative in frail patients. A loading dose of Tamoxifen may be useful in preventing the expression of the metastatizing phenotype. In any case, delayed surgery does not prejudice the overall survival.
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PMID:Tamoxifen or surgery plus tamoxifen as primary treatment for elderly patients with operable breast cancer: The G.R.E.T.A. Trial. Group for Research on Endocrine Therapy in the Elderly. 784 May 23

The biological features of tumour type, histological grade, vascular invasion, mitotic index, DNA index, and oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status have been investigated as prognostic factors in primary operable breast cancer. We have studied these 7 factors in locally advanced primary breast cancer (LAPC): these patients have occult metastases at presentation. Of 60 consecutive patients presenting with locally advanced disease, 36 were treated initially with Tamoxifen and 24 by radiotherapy. Treatment failure was followed by cross-over to the other therapy. All patients were assessed for response in the primary tumour; external review of response was obtained. Survival was compared using the generalised Wilcoxon test. Response to therapy correlated significantly with histological grade (p = 0.02), ER (p = 0.02), PgR status (p = 0.02), mitotic index (p = 0.01), and tumour ploidy (p = 0.04). Survival from initial therapy correlated significantly with ER (p = 0.01) and PgR status (p = 0.04). Histological grade, mitotic index, tumour ploidy, and ER and PgR status of the primary tumour predict response and prognosis in patients with locally advanced (stage III) breast cancer.
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PMID:Biological factors of prognostic significance in locally advanced breast cancer. 804 59

The management of breast cancer in older women is a major challenge. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of adjuvant therapy in early stage breast cancer has indicated that the use of the antiestrogen tamoxifen improves relapse-free and overall survival for postmenopausal women, including those older than age 70 years. Tamoxifen therapy is of greatest benefit in patients whose primary lesions are estrogen- and progesterone-receptor positive, but lesser yet still significant benefits are seen in receptor-negative patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy has only been minimally studied in older women, because earlier trials tended to exclude women older than age 70 years from protocol entry. Trials are needed to explore the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in older women, especially those older than age 70 years. Metastatic breast cancer is incurable. Standard endocrine and chemotherapy regimens may be of great palliative benefit but probably only have modest effects on prolonging survival; older women should be offered such treatment. Initiating treatment for metastases with endocrine therapy does not compromise survival, even when such therapy is given to women who have receptor-negative malignancy. Patients progressing on endocrine therapy or whose metastatic disease is life-threatening should be considered for chemotherapy. Older women in generally good health tolerate standard doses of chemotherapy as well as their younger counterparts. Future research in this setting should include clinical trials designed specifically for the elderly and should include quality-of-life assessment as a major end point.
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PMID:The role of chemotherapy and adjuvant therapy in the management of breast cancer in older women. 808 84

Seventy one women with breast cancer in clinical stage IIIa were treated by chemotherapy and radical operation on the basis five features, namely: survivals, relapses, metastases, quality of life, and post-therapy complications. The two treatment methods were compared. The dependence between survivals and time elapsed between breast surgery and ovariectomy was evaluated. Women treated by ovariectomy suffer from; menopause symptoms, osteoporosis, blood coagulation distortions more after than women treated by hormonotherapy. Tamoxifen therapy increases the rate of breast cancer relapses and probably it is the cause of breast cancer metastases into liver. Women who underwent hormonal castration are professionally active more after them women treated by ovariectomy. Time elapsed between breast surgery and ovariectomy does not affect survivals in stage IIIa. In stage IIIb however, performing later ovariectomy prolongs survivals.
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PMID:[Survival, complications and quality of life in patients with breast cancer after ovariectomy and hormonal therapy]. 835 43

The purpose of this phase II study was to determine the effectiveness of hormonal therapy with combined high dose androgen and provera or tamoxifen in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. 30 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma received testosterone propionate 100 mg intramuscularly (i.m.) 5 times weekly plus provera 400 mg (i.m.) twice weekly until disease progression developed. 20 patients, most of whom had previously failed to respond to androgen and provera, received tamoxifen 100 mg/m2 daily. Of the 30 patients treated with androgen and provera, 3 (10%) developed partial responses of brief duration. 2 of 20 patients (10%) experienced tumour response with tamoxifen, one instance of complete disappearance of pulmonary metastases in a patient whose primary tumour was questionably persistent at post mortem and another case demonstrating disease stability. Combined hormonal therapy offers very little therapeutic advantage in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Tamoxifen, in high dose, exerts anti-tumour effects in a small cohort of cases.
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PMID:Hormonal therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma combined androgen and provera followed by high dose tamoxifen. 849 54


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